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Y
 




 

 
 
ë


 




 


 
 


ë
  
 

  
 Vertical
distribution of some reliable constituents in water gives an
index of productivity

‡ Trophogenic (Euphotic) zone characterized by increase

in O2 and decrease in CO2 and bicarbonates.
‡ Tropholytic (Aphotic) zone characterized by sharp
decline in O2 coupled with PH and increase of
carbonates.
v
 





 
   
 
 
 
 
 

 



 _

 
 
  


_
 


 

 


 


  

       
 
 
   
    
  


   !" D
a, where, D fish,  EI and

a constant that represents a coefficient for climatic factors
and µa¶ an exponent approximating 0.5.
å


 # !" calculated a regression between
standing crop of fish and EI in US reservoirs which has the
following form: D 2.07 + 0.164 , where, D standing crop
of fish &  log EI.
å


 
 !
 # !" Incorporated some
environmental variables and being represented as follows-
D 0.2775 - 0.2401 1 + 1.0201 2 - 0.2756 , where, D
total harvest in kg/ha, 1 log area, 2 log growing
season, and  log age of the reservoir.

 # !" Calculated an equation relating
potential yield to virgin ichthyomass which has the following
form: D k, where D total fish yield, k a constant
which lies between 0. and 0.5,  natural mortality
coefficient and  biomass prior to fishing.
$

   ! # " Calculated a
regression between fish yield and gross photosynthesis for
15 Indiana lakes which has the form: log FD 0.122 PG +
0.95, where, FD fish yield PG gross photosynthesis.
% ## !" Studied the relationship between the
standing crop of summer phytoplankton and fish yield: log D
1.98 + log Chlorophyll
 


 & !" Considered the importance of
catchment in the loading of nutrients and detritus into the
reservoir and proposed a model using DI value for 21
reservoirs selected from different drainage systems by
regression concept: D 0.861 + 0.577 , Where D
log fish yield / ha and  log DI.
It was found to be superior to EI when applied to Indian
reservoirs.
ù   








 
 

ù
   

 

‡ Hirakud dam on the ahanadi river in
Sambalpur district of Orissa is longest dam in
the world with a length of 4,80 meter and area
74,592ha with a length of 4,80 meter and
74,592
‡ Gandhi Sagar reservoir on Chambal river
(andsaur distt of .P. is second in India by
area 64,750 ha
‡ Ukai (Gujarat) reservoir with area 51,282 ha is
rd
‡ Rihand reservoir (Rend river, a tributary of Sone
river, irzapur distt (U.P.) with area 46,620 ha is
4th
 ¢ 
 | |

¢ 
‡ $$_ '_()*" Rihand (Sone / irzapur)
‡ $$__+*_,(" Nanaksagar, eagul, Dhaura, Haripura, aur &
Tumaria (U.S. Nagar)
- (Chukasand / U.S. Nagar ± Pilibhit)
‡ ./*_" Tilaiya (arakar / Hazaribagh), aithan (arakar / Santhal
Pergana),
onar (
onar / Santhal Pergana), Panchet (Domodar / Santhal
Pergana)«
‡ !_(*0_ '_()*" Gandhisagar (Chambal / andsaur)
‡ 1)$ .),_2"
angsabati
ù

  
‡ /

   " ahseer sps. (¢
  
  ),
katli/copper mahseer ( 

), snow trout (   sps)
&  sps ( 

   
 
).
‡ /

 
 3  " IC;  ( 

 ), 

  
  and many large
catfishes and also small catfishes like- 

   
  

  
  

4 $ .  
   " As such

has no reservoirs.
4 $ /
 
   " Govindsagar
reservoir (Satluj) / partly under jurisdiction of
HP & Punjab.
ù

  
‡ /
 '"   

 



 


  


   !
 

 
 !

"
‡ /
!
 3 2 '"  




(mirror carp),   !

 "
A $ !


   " Hirakud
reservoir (ahanadi/ Sambhalpur distt.);
length 480m & area 74592ha.
ù

   In addition to
Gangetic carps & catfishes, endemic fish
species found are ¢ 
 var.
 
 Peninsular rohu ( # 
),
$  
""
 $ 

   " 189km plain
stretch between Dowlaiswaram -
Dummagudema bears characteristics of
lacustrine water body.
 $ +

 
   " Having three
important reservoirs-
‡ $
 (Tungabhadra/ Haspet distt [ysore]
of
arnataka)
‡ ,5
 (
rishna/ Nalagonda distt. of AP)
‡ ,
6  (owgina/ Nizamabad distt. of AP)
ù

  
‡ In general in all three reservoirs,  (# 



), 
sps, large & small
catfishes.
‡ In particular, 

(Tungabhadra) and
¢   

  (Nizamsagar)
‡ Among ahseer species, ¢   in all three
but ¢  in Tungabhadra
# $ 7 
   " Having four important
reservoirs-
‡ +

5 (r- Cauvery/ ysore
[
aranataka])
‡ .

 (r- hawani/ Coimbatore [Tamil
nadu])
‡ !8 
 (r- Cauvery/ Salem [Tamil Nadu])
‡ '

(r-
oraliyar/ Chinglepet [Tamil Nadu])

ù

  
‡ Several species of 
(
 


"),  (
 




"),  
(  
), ¢
(  

 ), !



"
‡ Transplanted fish species are IC,  
 sps,


 
  





& $ '


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   "


  %  & ¢
   
' 

    





 
    


#(
)
‡ Ukai in Gujarat,
onya, Shivajisagar & Powai
lake in aharasthra and Neyyar, Periyar &
alapuzha reservoirs in
erala.
‡ Economically Important Peninsular Fish
Fauna: Labeo nigrescens, Puntius (thomassi/
curmuca/ filamentous/ pulchellus), Ompak
malabaricusetc.
ù   

 
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 ë
 
   !
 2 $
Tamil Nadu 15 941 19 577 2 222 58 740

arnataka 228 657 29 078 179 556 47 291
adhya Pradesh 172 575 169 502 118 07 460 84
Andhra Pradesh 201 927 66 429 190 151 458 507
aharashtra 119 515 9 181 115 054 27 750
Gujarat 84 124 57 748 144 58 286 20
ihar 12 461 12 52 71 711 96 695
Orissa 66 047 12 748 119 40 198 198

erala 7 975 15 500 6 160 29 65
Uttar Pradesh 218 651 44 99 71 196 4 840
Rajasthan 54 21 49 827 49 86 15 444
H.P. 200 - 41 64 41 564
Northeast 2 29 5 85 - 8 074
Haryana 282 - - 282
West engal 72 4 600 10 400 15 72
Total 1 485 557 527 541 1 140 268  15 66
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Fish production in various types of reservoirs in India

(based on data from 9 states)
7 _ '

0

þ
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Small 1 485 557 74 129 49.90
edium 527 541 6 488 12.0
Large 1 140 268 1 0 11.4
$ 4?4?4 4?; 4;4
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p &'
 

  
Showing irrational
release (out-flux) of
water by irrigation
department causing
loss of biodiversity
leading to resultant
decrease of natural
recruitment and stock
depletion.
p &'
 
 %
 




?$ 
?(Top) 
??
?*
?(below) 


Showing the development

of islands as a result of
extreme siltation
resulting synchronize
water holding of reservoir
into contributing river
channel leading to
complete exploitation of
fish resources.
      " 
X

ë

 



Showing the wasting

situation of Haripura
reservoir due to siltation
as a result of which the
complete reservoir basin
has been transformed
into island # 
 $
Consequently reservoir¶s
water holding capacity is
synchronized merely in
the form of contributing
river channel.
  "
  

(
  



  
%   

Extreme water synchronization

in Haripura reservoir during
month of June. Water merely
present in main basin of
contributing river and a
fisherman & a woman
engaged in subsistence fish
catch posing complete
exploitation of existing fish
fauna.
 ›
 


 


 



 


 

 The policies hitherto adopted in Indian reservoirs emphasize mainly
stocking fingerlings of a species or a combination of species without
taking into consideration density levels or ratios based on the biogenic
capacity of the reservoir. Species used and the rate of stocking are often
determined by availability.
 The existing pathways of energy transfer in reservoirs can be an
important criterion for guiding stocking requirements.
 Indian reservoirs, by and large, have a wide spectrum of phytoplankton
comprising Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Dinophyceae and
acillariophyceae which dominate the zooplankton such as copepods,
cladocerans, rotifers and protozoan.
 enthos is represented by insect larvae and nymphs, oligochaetes,
nematodes and molluscs. There is a rich growth of periphyton on
submerged objects.
 The ecosystem-oriented management policy places due emphasis on
trophic strata in terms of shared, unshared and vacant niches.
Two main pathways, through which primary energy finds its way to fish
flesh, are the grazing chain and the detritus chain. The contribution of
both pathways to the total availability of energy needs to be assessed in
order to determine the species combination most suited to the
ecosystem. A large number of Indian reservoirs exhibit the detritus chain
of energy transfer.
  

  




Ú Diversification of stocking material is essential for
establishing multi-species fish stock which utilizes all food
niches of the ecosystem.
Ú Indian major carps are indispensable in reservoir
management, by virtue of their feeding habits and fast
growth rate. However, they are ill-suited for the utilization of
phytoplankton, the most dominant fraction of plankton.
Ú The remarkable ability of silver carp in efficiently converting
phytoplankton into fish flesh has been demonstrated in
Govindsagar,
ulagarhi and Getalsud reservoirs. The
introduction of exotic fish to open waters is still a subject of
controversy because of the potentially deleterious effects on
indigenous populations.
Ú Development of endemic species as stocking material has
not made much progress in the country although some of
them have a proven track record in ensuring an efficient
energy transformation rate. The opinion of Indian experts on
the subject runs along the following lines=

 
 
÷!



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ÖStocking material of finger ling size.
Ö Stocking material¶s genetic performance be evaluated.
ÖTrickling strategy of fish seed stocking be adopted or
ÖDevelopment of cove fisheries for raising stocking material.
/   
  





  
"
The formation of reservoirs has particularly affected the
following indigenous fish stocks:
‡ the mahseer, snow trout and  , and   

of the Himalayan streams;

‡ the anadromous hilsa, catadromous eel, and freshwater
prawn of all major river systems;
‡ 
, ¢   
, ¢ 
,  # 
, 

, and $   
 of the ahanadi river;
‡  
,  
,  
,   
 and 

of the Cauvery basin;
‡  
,  
, 
, 

,  # 
, 

, 

 and ¢  of the
rishna river
system; and
‡ the mahseer, eel and 
   of the northeast