Introduction to Power

Systems(ECEG-3176)

Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT)
School of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Instructor: Awraris Getachew
 Chapter 5
Characteristics and performance of power transmission lines

Representation of Transmission Lines

● Transmission lines are normally operated with a
balanced three phase load.
● The analysis can therefore proceed on a per phase
basis.
𝐼𝑆
  𝐼𝑅
 
 

𝑉𝑆
  Two Port Network 𝑉𝑅
 

2
Cont’d…
3
It is convenient to represent the single phase equivalent
of a transmission line by the two-port network, where in
the sending end voltage VS and current IS are related to
the receiving end voltage VR and current IR through A, B,
C and D parameters as:
 

 ● In matrix form:

3
Cont’d… 4
A, B, C and D are the parameters that depend on the line
parameters R, L, C and G.
The ABCD parameters are, in general complex numbers.
A and D are dimensionless.
B has units of Ohms and D has units of Siemens.
The following identity holds true for ABCD constants:
  𝐴𝐷− 𝐵𝐶=1
For symmetrical network A and D are equal

4
Cont’d…
5

 To avoidconfusion between total series impedance and

series impedance per unit length, the following notation
is used:
Series impedance per unit length: m
Shunt admittance per unit length: m
Total series impedance: Ω
Total shunt admittance: S
Line length in meter: m
 The shunt conductance G is usually neglected for
overhead transmission lines

5
Cont’d… 6
The parameters of transmission lines which are discussed
in chapter three are uniformly distributed along the lines.
For lines of short and medium length we can use lumped
parameters with good accuracy.
For long transmission lines the parameters must be taken
as distributed parameters.
Because approximating the uniformly distributed
parameters of long lines to lamped parameters results
considerable error.

6
Short Transmission Line (< 80km)
7
Capacitance may be ignored with out much error if the
lines are less than 80 km long or if the voltage is not over
66 kV.

𝑉𝑆 = 1 𝑍 𝑉𝑅
[ ][
 
𝐼𝑆 0 1 ][ ]
𝐼𝑅

7
Cont’d… 8
The phasor diagram for the short line is shown below for
lagging current.
 =++

is very small
=
=+(+)

8
Voltage Regulation
9

Voltage regulation of transmission lines may be defined

as the percentage change in voltage at the receiving end
of the line expressed as percentage of full load voltage in
going from no-load to full-load
𝑁𝐿 𝐹𝐿
 
%  𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛=
|𝑉 𝑅 |−|𝑉 𝑅 |
×100
𝐹𝐿
|𝑉 𝑅 |
Where:
  = magnitude of no-load receiving end voltage
  = magnitude of full-load receiving end voltage

9
Cont’d…
10
 For short lines ,at no load, and:

  |𝑉 𝑆|−|𝑉 𝑅|
%  𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛= ×100
|𝑉 𝑅|

10
Cont’d…
11

In the above derivation has been considered positive for a

lagging load. Will be negative for leading load
For leading power factor load

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 Medium Transmission Line
(80 km < l < 250km)
12
Transmission lines more than 80 km long and below 250
km in length are treated as medium lines, and the line
charging current becomes appreciable and the shunt
capacitance must be considered.
Medium lines can be represented sufficiently well by R, L
and C as lumped parameters with:
Half the capacitance to neutral of the line lumped at
each end of the equivalent circuit (π-model) or
Half of the series impedance lumped at each side of
the line (T- model).

12
Cont’d… 13
Nominal π-model

13
Cont’d…
13

14
Cont’d…
14

15
Cont’d…
15

T-model

  𝑌𝑍 𝑌𝑍

[ ] 𝑉𝑆
𝐼𝑆
[
=
1+

𝑌
2 (
𝑍 1+

1+
𝑌𝑍
2
4 )
] 𝑉𝑅
[ ]
𝐼𝑅

16
Long Transmission Line (> 250 km)
16

For short and medium length lines, accurate models were

obtained by assuming the line parameters to be lumped.
In case of long TLs, for accurate solutions the parameters
must be taken as distributed uniformly along the length

17
Cont’d…
17

18
Cont’d…
18
 If we differentiate again the above equation:

The real part, is known as the attenuation constant, and

the imaginary part, is known as the phase constant.

19
Cont’d…
19
For the current:

20
Cont’d…
20
 Next,the integration constants and are evaluated from
the boundary conditions.
When and , from the above voltage and current
equations, we get:
𝑉 𝑅 =𝐶1 +𝐶 2
 

  1
𝐼 𝑅 = (𝐶 ¿ ¿ 1−𝐶 2 )¿
𝑍𝐶
Solving these equations, we obtain:
  𝑉 𝑅 +𝑍 𝐶 𝐼 𝑅
𝐶1 =
2
  𝑉 𝑅 − 𝑍𝐶 𝐼 𝑅
𝐶2 = 21
2
Cont’d…
21
 Substituting the values of and into the voltage and
current equations, we obtain:
  (𝑉 𝑅 + 𝑍 𝐶 𝐼 𝑅 ) 𝛾 𝑥 (𝑉 𝑅 − 𝑍 𝐶 𝐼 𝑅 ) − 𝛾 𝑥
𝑉 ( 𝑥) = 𝑒 + 𝑒
2 2
  (𝑉 𝑅 + 𝑍 𝐶 𝐼 𝑅 ) 𝛾 𝑥 (𝑉 𝑅 − 𝑍 𝐶 𝐼 𝑅 ) −𝛾 𝑥
𝐼 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑒 − 𝑒
2 𝑍𝐶 2 𝑍𝐶
The equations can be rearranged as follows:
  (𝑒 𝛾 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝛾 𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝛾 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝛾 𝑥 )
𝑉 ( 𝑥) = 𝑉 𝑅 +𝑍 𝐶 𝐼𝑅
2 2
  ( 𝑒 𝛾 𝑥 −𝑒 − 𝛾 𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝛾 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝛾 𝑥 )
𝐼 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑉 𝑅+ 𝐼𝑅
2 𝑍𝐶 2
22
Cont’d…
22

Or  𝑉 ( 𝑥 ) =cosh ( 𝛾 𝑥 ) 𝑉 +𝑍 sinh ⁡(𝛾 𝑥) 𝐼

𝑅 𝐶 𝑅
  1
𝐼 ( 𝑥 )= sinh ( 𝛾 𝑥 ) 𝑉 𝑅 +cosh ⁡(𝛾 𝑥)𝐼 𝑅
𝑍𝐶
 Our interest is in the relation between the sending end
and the receiving end of the line.
Therefore, when and . The result is:

𝑉 𝑆 =cosh ( 𝛾 𝑙 ) 𝑉 𝑅 + 𝑍 𝐶 sinh ⁡(𝛾 𝑙)𝐼 𝑅

 

  1
𝐼 𝑆= sinh ( 𝛾 𝑙 ) 𝑉 𝑅 +cosh ⁡(𝛾 𝑙) 𝐼 𝑅
𝑍𝐶
23
Cont’d…
23
Therefore, ABCD constants are:
𝐴=cosh ⁡(𝛾 𝑙)
 

𝐵=𝑍 𝐶 sinh ⁡(𝛾 𝑙)

 

  1
𝐶= sinh ⁡(𝛾 𝑙)
𝑍𝐶
𝐷=cosh ⁡(𝛾 𝑙)
 

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The Equivalent Circuit of a Long TL
24
The nominal-π circuit does not represent a
transmission line exactly because it does not account
for the parameters of the line being uniformly
distributed.
The discrepancy between the nominal-π and the
actual line becomes larger as the length of line
increases.

25
Cont’d…
25
It is possible, however, to find the equivalent circuit of a
long transmission line and to represent the line
accurately, in so far as ends of the line are concerned, by a
network of lumped parameters.

● Comparing the above equations with the equations in

slide 22 and making use of identity

26
Cont’d…
26
 The parameters of the equivalent model are obtained as

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 Power Flow through Transmission Lines

Consider a simple power system as shown bellow

Equations for power can be derived in terms of ABCD

constants.
The equations apply to any network of two ports.

28
 Cont’d…
The complex power leaving the sending end and entering
to the receiving end of the TL becomes(per-phase basis)

29
 Cont’d…
 Substituting in the equation of

Then the three phase receiving end complex power is given

by

30
 Cont’d…
From the previous equation the real and the reactive power
at the receiving end becomes

Similarly the real and reactive power at the sending end is

31
 Cont’d…
 The received power will be maximum at

Such that

The corresponding at max ) is

That means the load must draw this much leading MVAR
in order to receive the maximum real power
 Please try to do Example 5.8 on page 162-165 (Modern
power system analysis by D.P.Kothari)

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Reactive Compensation of Transmission
Lines
Reactive power (VAR) compensation is defined as the
management of reactive power to improve the performance
of ac systems.
The performance of transmission lines, especially those of
medium length and longer, can be improved by reactive
compensation of a series or parallel type.
Series compensation consists of a capacitor bank placed in
series with each phase conductor of the line.
Shunt compensation refers to the placement of inductors
from each line to neutral to reduce partially or completely
the shunt susceptance of a high-voltage line, which is
particularly important at light loads when the voltage at the
receiving end may otherwise become very high. 33
Cont’d…
.

Reactive power Analogue

34
Cont’d…
.
  Seriescompensation reduces the series impedance of the
line, which is the principal cause of voltage drop and the
most important factor in determining the maximum
power which the line can transmit.
The desired reactance of the capacitor bank can be
determined by compensating for a specific amount of the
total inductive reactance of the line.
This leads to the term "compensation factor," which is
defined by , where is the capacitive reactance of the
series capacitor bank per phase and is the total inductive
reactance of the line per phase.

35
Cont’d…
When the nominal-π circuit is used to represent the line
and capacitor bank and if only the sending- and receiving-
end conditions of the line are of interest, the physical
location of the capacitor bank along the line is not taken in
to account.
However, when the operating conditions along the line are
of interest, the physical location of the capacitor bank must
be taken into account.

36
Cont’d…
This can be accomplished most easily by determining
ABCD constants of the portions of line on each side of the
capacitor bank and by representing the capacitor bank by
its ABCD constants.
The equivalent constants of the combination (actually
referred to as a cascaded connection) of line – capacitor -
line can then be determined.

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Ferranti Effect

During light load or no-load condition, receiving end

voltage is greater than sending end voltage in long
transmission line or cable.
This happens due to very high line charging current.
This phenomenon is known as ferranti effect.
A charged open circuit line draws significant amount of
current due to capacitive effect of the line.
This is more in high voltage long transmission lines.

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