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Torsion: Torsion Is The Twisting of An Object Due To An Applied

Torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque. When a circular shaft is subjected to torsion, each cross section rotates as a rigid slab while the various cross sections rotate through different angles. The shear strain and stress in a shaft subjected to torsion varies linearly with the radial distance from the shaft's center. The relationship between the applied torque and the shear stress is given by the equation T=GJ/L, where T is the torque, G is the shear modulus, J is the polar moment of inertia of the cross section, and L is the shaft length.

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82 views

Torsion: Torsion Is The Twisting of An Object Due To An Applied

Torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque. When a circular shaft is subjected to torsion, each cross section rotates as a rigid slab while the various cross sections rotate through different angles. The shear strain and stress in a shaft subjected to torsion varies linearly with the radial distance from the shaft's center. The relationship between the applied torque and the shear stress is given by the equation T=GJ/L, where T is the torque, G is the shear modulus, J is the polar moment of inertia of the cross section, and L is the shaft length.

Uploaded by

irum,
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Torsion

So far we studied how to calculate the stresses and strains in structural members subjected
to axial loading i.e. to forces directed along the axis of the member.

We are now going to consider various structural members and machine parts that are in
torsion.

Torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque.


Torsion, the stress produced in a body when it is twisted. The twist in the body
is produced by torque. A body such as a cylindrical rod or a structural beam is
in torsion when one end is held stationary while the other end is rotated at right
angles to a line (the longitudinal axis) running the length of the rod or beam.
Torsion also results when the two ends of a body are twisted in opposite
directions.

A body will, within limits, tend to resist being in torsion; it will tend to snap back
to its original condition when the torque is removed. Devices such as helical
(spiral) springs, and toy airplanes powered by twisted rubber bands, are based
on this characteristic. Torsion bars, which act as springs in automobiles, are
also applications of torsion.

When torsion exceeds a body's ability to withstand it, the body will shear or
break. Structural beams, gear shafts, and other objects that are, or may be,
subjected to torque must be designed to withstand the torsion that will be
produced in them.
Members in torsion are encounter in many
engineering applications.

The most common application is provided


by transmission shafts, which is used to
transmit power from one point to another.

For example:

•Turbine exerts torque T on the shaft

•Shaft transmits the torque to the generator

•Generator creates an equal and opposite


torque T
Torsion of Circular Shafts
To better understand the behavior of a torsion
member, a grid will be superimposed on the surface
of a shaft to help illustrate the deformation of the
shaft in response to an applied torque T.

When a circular shaft is subjected to torsion, every


cross section remains plane and undistorted. In
other words, while the various cross sections along
the shaft rotate through different amount, each
cross section rotates as a solid rigid slab.
Imagine the shaft to consist of innumerable thin
slices, each of which are rigid and joined to adjacent
slices by elastic fibers.

Slice 2 will rotate past slice 1 until the elastic fibers


joining them are deformed enough to create a
resisting torque that balances the applied torque.

When this happens, slice 1 and 2 act as a rigid unit


and transmit the torque to slice 3; this slice will rotate
enough so that the elastic fibers joining it and slice 2
develop a resisting torque equal to the applied torque.

This type of deformation proceeds throughout the


length L of the shaft.
Derivation of Torsion Formulas
To examine the stresses and deformations of a torsion member, we will consider
a circular shaft of length L and radius r that is attached to a fixed support at one
end.

If a torque T is applied to the other end, the shaft will twist, with its free end
rotating through an angle  called the angle of twist.

Consider now any internal fiber located a radial distance  (rho) from the axis
of the shaft.

A fiber AB on the outside surface, which is originally straight will be twisted into a
helix A'B as the shaft is twisted through the angle  .

We consider the small square element formed by two adjacent circles and two
adjacent straight lines traced on the surface of the cylinder before any load is
applied.

As the shaft is subjected to a torsional load, the element deforms into a


parallelogram.

Since the circles defining two of the sides of the element considered here
remain unchanged, the shearing strain must be equal to the angle between lines
AB and A'B.

We observe from Figure 3.13c that, for small values of , we can
express the arc length AA' as AA' = L
ABA'
But, on other hand we have AA' = 
P AA' AA'
It follows that tan    
B AB L
L =  '
 AA
  
L L
AA  L
'

Where  and  are both expressed in radians.

The shearing strain  at a given point of a shaft in torsion is proportional to


the angle of twist  .

It also shows that  is proportional to the distance  from the axis of the
shaft to the point under consideration.

Thus, the shearing strain in a circular shaft varies linearly with the distance
from the axis of the shaft.

Recalling Hooke’s law for shearing stress and strain,   G


The equation obtained shows that, as long as the yield strength (or proportional limit) is not
exceeded in any part of a circular shaft, the shearing stress in the shaft varies linearly with the
distance  from the axis of the shaft. Figure 3.14a shows the stress distribution in a solid
circular shaft of radius r, and Fig. 3.14b in a hollow circular shaft of inner radius r and outer
radius R.

r R
Relationship between Torque and Shear stress
To determine the relationship between the torque transmitted by the shaft and the
shear stress that is developed internally in the shaft material.

Considering a shaft AB subjected at A and B to equal and opposite torques T and T',
we pass a section perpendicular to the axis of the shaft through some arbitrary point C.

The shaft is divided into two segments by the cutting plane. Consider free body
diagram of portion BC of the shaft.

Figure 3.4 shows a cross section of the shaft containing a differential element of area
dA located at the radial distance  from the axis of the shaft which carries the
differential resisting load d P.

Summing the contributions of all the differential elements across the cross-sectional
area A and equating the result to the internal torque yields
G
  G 
L
T G
 
J L
The Polar Moment of inertia is the property of an area which measures
resistance of that area to torsion.

The Polar Moment of Inertia is a geometric property of a cross section.


Physically, it is a measure of how difficult it is to turn a cross-section about an
axis perpendicular to it (the inherent rotational stiffness of the cross-section).
This means:

The greater the Polar Moment of Inertia, the more torque is require to turn the
shaft by a certain angle.

The greater the Polar Moment of Inertia, the smaller the Shear Stress required
to produce a given torque.
Sample Problem #

Alu min um Steel


Lal  6 ft  (6 12) " LSt  3 ft  (3 12)"
d al  3
" d St  2"
Gal  4 106 psi GSt  12  106 psi

T  10kip  inch
( max ) al  ?
( max ) St  ?
Lal  6 ft  (6 12)"
d al  3"
Gal  4 106 psi

LSt  3 ft  (3  12)"
d St  2"
GSt  12 106 psi

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