FORMS OF

SOCIETIES
 The development of societies
throughout history shows the
development of humankind in
response to changing surroundings
and historical developments.

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HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETY

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 HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETY
 earliest and simplest form
of society
 characterized by its small
size and is composed
mainly of families
 nomadic

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 HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETY
 hierarchy is not very valid
 members are treated equally and
decisions are usually arrived at
through a consensus
 roles of its members and division
of labor is not clearly defined

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PASTORAL SOCIETY

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 PASTORAL SOCIETY
 characterized by the
domestication of animals
for food for food supply
 has larger populations
than hunting and gathering
societies

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 PASTORAL SOCIETY
 remain longer in one place
 often produce surplus food and resources which
they trade with other societies
 engage in other activities like handicrafts
 eventually lead to the emergence of specialized
tasks in the community
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HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

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 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
 Primarily engages in the
small cultivation of
plants, fruits, and
vegetables and the
domestication of animals
 semi-nomadic

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 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
 roles and responsibilities are more clearly
defined with many tasks assigned according
to gender
 similar to pastoral society, with a surplus of
goods which leads to inequalities among
members
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 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
 in early societies, individuals were often very
family and clan-oriented; behaviors and actions
were restricted by tradition
 tasks and obligations were based on gender:
women for domestic work while men for hunting
and farming

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AGRARIAN/AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

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 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
 further evolution of the
pastoral and horticultural
societies
 Involves the large scale and
long term cultivation of crops
and domestication of animals

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 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
 Characterized by improved
technology and tools in
farming for increased
production, giving rise to a
glowing population in agrarian
societies

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 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
 large population leads to a more structured social
system that helps manage resources and its
members
 an increase in complex social organization and
growing importance of territory often result to
conflicts among neighboring societies over
resources and land
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FEUDAL SOCIETY

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 FEUDAL SOCIETY
 based on the ownership of land
 Arose out of developments in Western Europe
during Medieval times, when rival kingdoms were
engaged in conflict over resources (land)
 rulers grant their followers or vassals the right to
manage parcels of land and in return, are provided
by military protection
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 FEUDAL SOCIETY
 land owners - most powerful and influential
members of the society; peasants – lowest group
 Social relations are characterized by dependence:
The lord depends on his vassals to provide him with
resources, vassals depend on peasants for service,
while peasants depend on their vassals for protection.

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 FEUDAL SOCIETY
 People are often very conscious with their place
within a society and mindful of hierarchy
 Higher classes are respected
 Often traditional and resistant to social change,
preferring to maintain the way things are in the
communityu

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FEUDAL SOCIETY

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INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

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 INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
 use of specialized machinery in the production
of goods and services
 resulted to the Industrial Revolution, which gave
rise to new productions, industrial methods, and
innovations in transportation and
communication
 Work done in factories and prevalence of public
education
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 INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
 characterized by greater inequalities in work,
power, and influence
 Often defined by the nature of work and
prevailing industry
 Capitalists/business owners – most influential
 Culture diversity and bureaucratic forms of
organization

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 INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
 Many relations are not family/community-based
 Impersonal relationships prevail among
individuals
 Difference between social groups is defined by
access to economic resources and prosperity
 Alienation is common, as people are seen as
resources to be exploited

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 INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
 Many relations are not family/community-based
 Impersonal relationships prevail among
individuals
 Difference between social groups is defined by
access to economic resources and prosperity
 Alienation is common, as people are seen as
resources to be exploited

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POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

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 POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
 Marked by establishment of societies based on
knowledge, information, and sale of services
 Trend has shifted from industry to the
generation, storage, manipulation, and sale of
information
 Information – influences the behavior of people;
- a very important commodity

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 POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
 Members have higher educational attainment,
better training, and specialized roles

• Virtual Society – people organize themselves

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 People in a virtual society often engage in
complex relationships. They often have fluid
identities and don’t necessarily subscribe to
certain norms or established standards of
behavior. The freedom allowed in virtual world
means that a person is able to engage in various
activities and kinds of information.

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