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RTD-Resistance Temperature Detector

RTDs (resistance temperature detectors) are temperature sensors that use the precise and predictable change in electrical resistance of platinum with changes in temperature. They are highly accurate and replace thermocouples in many industrial applications below 600°C. RTDs nearly always require insulated leads and protective housings. Their advantages include high accuracy, wide operating range, and stability at high temperatures. However, they also have higher costs than thermocouples and can be affected by shock and vibration. Common applications include air conditioning, food processing, and industrial temperature measurement.

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abhisheksinghee
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606 views10 pages

RTD-Resistance Temperature Detector

RTDs (resistance temperature detectors) are temperature sensors that use the precise and predictable change in electrical resistance of platinum with changes in temperature. They are highly accurate and replace thermocouples in many industrial applications below 600°C. RTDs nearly always require insulated leads and protective housings. Their advantages include high accuracy, wide operating range, and stability at high temperatures. However, they also have higher costs than thermocouples and can be affected by shock and vibration. Common applications include air conditioning, food processing, and industrial temperature measurement.

Uploaded by

abhisheksinghee
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RESISTANCE

TEMPERATURE
DETECTOR (RTDs)

MADE BY :- ABHISHEK SINGHEE

ROLL NO. :- 26
IV SEM
INDUSTRIAL ENGG.
WHAT ARE RTDs ???
Resistance thermometers, also called resistance
temperature detectors or resistive thermal devices
(RTDs), are temperature sensors that exploit the
predictable change in electrical resistance of some
materials with changing temperature. As they are
almost invariably made of platinum, they are often
called platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs).
They are slowly replacing the use of thermocouples
in many industrial applications below 600 °C, due to
higher accuracy and repeatability.
CONSTRUCTION

These elements nearly always require insulated leads


attached. At temperatures below about 250 °C PVC, silicon
rubber or PTFE insulators are used. Above this, glass fibre or
ceramic are used. The measuring point, and usually most of
the leads, require a housing or protective sleeve, often made
of a metal alloy which is chemically inert to the process being
monitored. Selecting and designing protection sheaths can
require more care than the actual sensor, as the sheath must
withstand chemical or physical attack and provide convenient
attachment points.
Advantages
Advantages of platinum resistance thermometers:
 High accuracy
 Low drift
 Suitable for precision applications
 Linear over wide operating range
 Wide temperature operating range(-200 to 660OC)
 High temperature operating range
 Interchangeability over wide range
 Good stability at high temperature
Disadvantages & Limitations
The disadvantages of using RTD's include:
 Higher cost than thermocouples
 No point sensing
 Affected by shock and vibration
 Requires three or four-wire operation
 RTDs in industrial applications are rarely used above 660 °C.
At temperatures above 660 °C it becomes increasingly difficult
to prevent the platinum from becoming contaminated by
impurities from the metal sheath of the thermometer.
 Compared to thermistors , platinum RTDs are less sensitive to
small temperature changes and have a slower response time .
Sources Of Error
The common error sources of a PRT are:
Interchangeability: the “closeness of agreement” between the specific PRT's Resistance vs. Temperature relationship
and a predefined Resistance vs. Temperature relationship, commonly defined by IEC 60751.
Insulation Resistance: Error caused by the inability to measure the actual resistance of element. Current leaks into or
out of the circuit through the sheath, between the element leads, or the elements.[4]
Stability: Ability to maintain R vs T over time as a result of thermal exposure.
Repeatability: Ability to maintain R vs T under the same conditions after experiencing thermal cycling throughout a
specified temperature range.
Hysteresis: Change in the characteristics of the materials from which the RTD is built due to exposures to varying
temperatures.
Stem Conduction: Error that results from the PRT sheath conducting heat into or out of the process.
Calibration/Interpolation: Errors that occur due to calibration uncertainty at the cal points, or between cal point due to
propagation of uncertainty or curve fit errors.
Lead Wire: Errors that occur because a 4 wire or 3 wire measurement is not used, this is greatly increased by higher
gauge wire.
2 wire connection adds lead resistance in series with PRT element.
3 wire connection relies on all 3 leads having equal resistance.
Self Heating: Error produced by the heating of the PRT element due to the power applied.
Time Response: Errors are produced during temperature transients because the PRT cannot respond to changes fast
enough.
Thermal EMF: Thermal EMF errors are produced by the EMF adding to or subtracting from the applied sensing voltage,
primarily in DC systems
Calculations

Here, RT is the resistance at temperature T, R0 is the resistance at 0 °C,


and the constants (for an alpha=0.00385 platinum RTD) are

Since the B and C coefficients are relatively small, the resistance


changes almost linearly with the temperature.
Applications
Applications of RTD's include
• Air conditioning and refrigeration servicing
• Food Processing
• Stoves and grills
• Textile production
• Plastics processing
• Petrochemical processing
• Micro electronics
• Air, gas and liquid temperature measurement
• Exhaust gas temperature measurement
Types Of RTDs

Wire-wound thermometers
Film thermometers

Coil elements

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