INTRODUCTION TO IT

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Objectives
 Introduction to IT- Information Technology
 ComputerHardware&Peripherals:Input Devices
 ComputerHardware&Peripherals:Output Devices
 ComputerHardware&Peripherals:TroubleShooting
 Storage Components
 Types of Storage
 Operating Systems and Application Software
 Common Software Applications
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 What is IT

An Information Technology (IT) system is

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Forms of Information

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IT Uses
 Business
 Education
 HealthCare
 IT Systems
 IT Networks

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Computer Hardware and Peripherals:
Components
 Computers are made up of many
components namely:
 Internal
 External

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Internal & External Components
- Definitions
 Internal: They are located inside a computer
case
 External:They are connected externally using
ports

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Computer Components
 Computer Components can be divided
into the following categories:
 Microprocessors
 Storage devices
 Input devices
 Output devices

Network devices

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The Motherboard
 A motherboard (or system board) is
a large printed circuit board with
connections for all the other
components in the computer.
 The type of motherboard determines the
types of CPU, memory, and hard disk and
other peripherals that can be installed in the
computer

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Functions of mother board
 Allows the computer components to
exchange data.
 It also serves as the point at which
other components get power
supply.

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Picture of a Pentium Motherboard
Expansion Slots Graphics Card System BIOS Memory CPU
(Expansion Card) Memory (RAM) (ROM)

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System case
 The Motherboard is housed within a
Protective case usually made of plastic and
metal

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Ports and Peripherals
 A hardware port is a socket designed to allow the
connection of extra devices, often outside the system
case. Such devices are referred to as peripherals.

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Ports and Peripherals
 On a portable or laptop
computer, ports are
usually located at the back
and sides of the case.
Ports used to connect the
newest generation of USB
memory devices are often
referred to as slots.

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The Central Processing Unit
(Microprocessor)
 The Central Processing
Unit (CPU) is the part of
the computer that processes
and calculates data. You can
think of the CPU as the
"brain" of the computer.

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CPU FACTS
 To process an instruction, the
CPU retrieves data from
storage. Data that is required
urgently by the CPU is usually
stored in short term memory
storage
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 CPU FACTS continued
 The CPU's activities are co-ordinated by a
clock, which is used to synchronise all of the
internal processes within chip. The unit of time
for each movement of data within the CPU is
called a cycle. Clock speed is measured in
megahertz (MHz) or in the latest CPUs in
gigahertz (GHz). One megahertz equals one
million cycles per second

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CPU FACTS continued
 Most desktop CPUs require a
fan and/or heat sink to keep
them cool
 Modern laptop computers
use low-power, cooler running
CPUs such as with Intel’s
Centrino or Pentium-M. They
typically use passive cooling
because they can throttle the
CPU down when not in use.

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Input Devices
 An input device is any device
that is used to supply
information to a computer.

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Input Devices
 Keyboard: is an example of
input device which is used
both for text-based data input
and for selecting commands.
 Keyboards usually have the
following:
 Keys for the letters of the
alphabet.
 Keys for punctuation
symbols.
 Numbered keys or a numeric
keypad (or both).

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Mouse
 A mouse is the device usually used to
control the movement of the pointer on
the screen.

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Trackballs
 A trackball can be used as an
alternative to a mouse. It has
buttons, like a mouse, but the
pointer is moved using a
rotating ball set into the top of
the device (basically an upside-
down mouse).
 One advantage is that it does
not need a flat area to use it.
For this reason, trackballs are
sometimes included on laptop
computers.

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TouchPad
 A touch pad is another device for
moving the pointer. In this case, you
use your finger or a pen-like
instrument (or stylus) on a sensitive
pad to move the screen pointer.
 Another form of touch pad is the
graphics tablet. This enables the user
to create an image on the computer
by drawing on the pad with a
specially designed pen. Graphics
tablets are used by graphic design
artists and for children's drawing
software.

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Joystick
 A joystick consists of a base
and a stick perpendicular to
the base.
Mostly used in game
environment to control inputs

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 Scanners

Hand-Held Scanner

Flat-Bed Scanner

Optical Character Recognition, OCR

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Scanners
 are input devices used to detect a pattern on paper
(pictures or text) and then translate the pattern into
computer data.
 Hand-held scanners are dragged across the paper
to scan it.
 Flatbed scanners have the paper placed on top of
them, in a similar way to a photocopier.
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
software can be used to convert the scanned
image into text data that can be edited using
word processing software.

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Digital Cameras
 Digital cameras work in much the
same way as normal cameras, except
that the exposure from the subject is
recorded onto light sensitive diodes not
photographic film. The image is saved
to a flash memory card
(CompactFlash for example).
 There are also devices to capture
moving images. Web Cams can record
low resolution video images. High
resolution digital video cameras are
available, but are still quite expensive.
Some filmmakers are starting to record
motion pictures entirely on digital video.
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Output Devices
 Output devices display
information from the computer to
the user. The main output devices
display data on a screen, print
data on paper, and play data as
sound.
 Displaying data on-screen
requires two components:
 Graphics Card
 Visual Display Unit
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Monitors (Visual Display Unit)
 Most desktop computers use a
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
monitor to display an image
(CRTs are also used in
television sets).
 CRT monitors have screen
sizes ranging from 14" to
21" (30 - 60 cm).

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Touch Screen
 A touch screen is a special
type of computer display with a
touch- sensitive layer or coating
 Touch screens are often used
at banks for ATM machines, for
Point of Sale (POS) terminals
and kiosks for museum
exhibits as they are less prone
to damage or theft than a
keyboard and mouse

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Digital Projector
 A digital or video
projector is a device
for displaying a large,
high resolution image
on a screen, such as
a whiteboard.

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 Printers
 The two most commonly-used types are
inkjet and LaserJet.

InkJet LaserJet

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Printers
 An inkjet printer forms images from a
series of dots by firing tiny droplets of ink at
the paper from a print head that moves
horizontally across the page.
 A laser printer combines a very narrow
beam of light and a light sensitive drum to
fuse particles of toner (a fine powder) onto
the paper.

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SoundCardandSpeakers

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Speakers
 Speakers take the
analogue signal
generated by a
sound card and
convert it into
sound.

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Speech Synthesizer
 A speech synthesizer
receives the digital data from
the computer software and
converts it into analogue
speech, amplified and played
through the speakers.
 A microphone can be
connected to a sound card
to provide audio input.
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Storage Components
Memory and disks are the components
used to store data for processing. The
units used to measure data (and
therefore the capacity of memory and
disks) are bits, bytes, megabytes, and
gigabytes.

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Dictionary of Bits and
Bytes

1 TB 1024 GB = 1 Tera Byte

1024MB=1GB

1024 KB=1MB
1024 Bytes=
1KB
8 Bits= 1 Byte
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Types of storage
 Read-only Memory (ROM) - ROM stores
the data necessary to start the computer
and identify its components.
 Random Access Memory (RAM) - RAM
stores data while it is being processed. For
example, RAM is required to run software
while the computer is powered.
 Storage Disks or Drives - Magnetic disks
or drives are used to preserve data when
the computer is turned off and to move and
backup data.

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HardDisk
 Disk drives of various kinds are
used to store and transfer data
files
 The disk is mounted on a disk drive

 It consists of an arm, a shaft that

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Floppy Disk
 It is a magnetic disc
Notch medium.
 Very small in size
compared to hard disk
capacity.
 Portable.
 Floppies are commonly
found in two sizes
namely 5.1/4 “ and
3.5”.

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Other Magnetic Media
 Other magnetic disk devices, such as
Iomega Zip and Jaz disks, cover the middle
ground between floppy disks and hard disks,
in terms of both storage and capacity

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Other Magnetic Media
 Universal Serial Bus (USB): These can
store hundreds of times the information
found on a standard floppy, and don't
need a special reader

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CD-ROM/DVD-ROM

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Operating Systems and Application
Software

 OS is a system software which acts as an interface

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Features of Operating Systems

 Hardware
management
 Computer
management
 File management
 Network access
 Integrate data

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Application Software
 The software, which has been developed for
a specific application, is categorized as an
application software. Example:
 Presentation
 Communication
 Accounting/Payroll
 Multimedia
 Desktop Publishing/Graphics
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Application Software

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