Advanced ICT – 9626 - Theory

Chapter 16 – Graphics
Creation
16.01 – Vector vs. Bitmap
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Key Term
Ag Vector: an image that uses geometric points and shapes.
Calculations are used to draw the image
Bitmap: an image made up of small squares, called pixels.
Each individual pixel can only be one colour
Pixel: a small square of one colour. These are combined to
create a bitmap image

Remember
A vector image is created using shapes and coordinates. Mathematical
formulae and calculations are used to draw the image and fill areas
with colour. If you change the size of the image, the computer
recalculates and redraws it. This means it does not go blurry (pixelate).
The image itself is not saved. Only instructions on how to create the
image are saved. For example, coordinates for a line and a calculation
for drawing the line are stored, including the colour, width etc.
16.01 – Vector vs. Bitmap
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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▲ Figure 16.01 - A vector image.

▲ Figure 16.02 - An
enlarged vector image.
16.01 – Vector vs. Bitmap
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Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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▲ Figure 16.03 - A bitmap image.

▲ Figure 16.04 – A pixilated bitmap image.

16.01 – Vector vs. Bitmap
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– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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 Tip
A bitmap image is made up of small squares called pixels.
Each pixel can have one colour. If you change the size of the
image, the pixels are enlarged or made smaller. By enlarging
the pixels you pixelate an image, and it goes blurry.
The use of vector and bitmap images
► The most common form of a bitmap image is a photograph.
When you take a photo, the camera records the colours as
pixels and the quality of an image depends on the resolution.
► Other common bitmap images including ones that have been
scanned, or produced using painting software.
► Resolution is the number of pixels per measurement, for
example dots per inch (DPI). The larger the DPI, the more
pixels and therefore the more precise your image is.
16.01 – Vector vs. Bitmap
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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The use of vector and bitmap images

► Vector graphics are created using a computer, often
with specialist drawing software, but word processors
usually provide some vector tools, such as drawing
shapes and speech bubbles. They could be used, for
example, to create a logo or an animation where
characters can be drawn
using a graphics tablet.

▲ Figure 16.05 – Graphics Tablet

16.01 – Vector vs. Bitmap
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16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Deciding between vector or bitmap graphics

► If you scan a document (e.g. a photo), then you will
create a bitmap image. As increasing the size of this
image may result in pixelation, you must be careful to
ensure the resolution is high enough.
► These pictures cannot be created as vector images,
so if you want to use a photo of you and your friends,
it will be a bitmap graphic.

Task
Open some of the images you have stored on your
computer or on your account. Are they a bitmap or a
vector image? Try enlarging them. Do they pixelate?
16.01 – Vector vs. Bitmap
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16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Deciding between vector or bitmap graphics

► If you are creating a graphic using a computer, then
you can choose between a bitmap and a vector
image. If you produce a bitmap image, such as a
photo, it may pixelate when enlarged. If you produce
a vector graphic, it will not pixelate, but will require a
lot of work to look realistic.
► Software exists that can turn bitmaps into vectors,
and vectors into bitmaps. E.g., if
you scan a document, you can
vectorise it. Most image
manipulation software has this
option.
16.01 – Vector vs. Bitmap
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16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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16.01 – Vector vs. Bitmap
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Use and impact of image editing on society

► This section will explain some of the tools available to
manipulate images. These tools can be used to edit
images to both improve the image and make the
image look worse.
► For example, in
magazines, photos may
be edited (airbrushed)
to make people appear
thinner or to remove
blemishes, such as
wrinkles and spots.
▲ Figure 16.06 - Example of airbrushing
16.01 – Vector vs. Bitmap
16.01
16.01 –
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Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Use and impact of image editing on society

► Another way image manipulation software may be
used is to put people in scenarios (e.g. memes) that
have never actually happened.
► For example, using a selection tool to copy a person
from one image and place them in
another. The image of the person
can be edited, and the colours
manipulated, so they appear to
belong in the new scene.

▲ Figure 16.07 - Example of a meme

16.01 – Vector vs. Bitmap
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16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Use and impact of image editing on society

► Vector images can be used on their own or added to
a bitmap image. E.g. in the meme shown in Figure
16.07, vector text has been added to the bitmap
photo.
► These are just two examples of
how image manipulation can be
used. Each have their positive
and negative sides. In the first
example in Figure 16.06, the
company may increase sales by
showing a perfect model.
▲ Figure 16.07 - Example of a meme
16.01 – Vector vs. Bitmap
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Bitmap 16.2
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Vector 16.3
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Bitmap 16.4
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Use and impact of image editing on society

► However, the image is not real and people may strive
to achieve this impossible vision. This can contribute
to mental health problems.
► Memes can be used to draw attention to an advert or
create humorous effects, but they can also be used
negatively, to make fun of
people and situations and
may be used without the
consent of the person in
the image.

▲ Figure 16.06 - Example of airbrushing

16.01 – Vector vs. Bitmap
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16.01 –
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Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
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Vector 16.3
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Bitmap 16.4
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Use and impact of image editing on society

► Image editing can be used in politics both to promote
a political agenda, for example enhancing images so
they look more favourable, and to put people into
situations where they have not actually been.
► A search for the use of image editing in North Korea
will reveal multiple articles where Kim Jong-un is
accused of using image
editing software to present
a false version of what is
actually taking place.
16.01 – Vector vs. Bitmap
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Vector vs.
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Bitmap 16.2
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Vector 16.3
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Bitmap 16.4
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Use and impact of image editing on society

► Image editing can also be used in a negative way, to
put opposing party members in unfortunate situations or
to use memes to mock them, which can cause offence
and influence people by creating images that are not
real.
► As well as being used for political purposes, it can also
be used in the entertainment industry. Image
editing is used to create posters, signs, CD
and DVD covers, all of which are enhanced
to increase their attractiveness and appeal.
► This can increase sales as the images are
attractive, but it does not portray an image
of real life.
16.01 – Vector vs. Bitmap
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16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
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Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
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Bitmap 16.4
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Questions
1. What is a bitmap image?
2. What is a vector image?
3. Why might image manipulation be
viewed as being
a negative
influence?
16.02 – Vector Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Layers
► Layers contain parts of an
image, or an effect, that can
be built upon top of each
other to create the final
image.
► By using layers you can move
or edit elements of an image
independently without
affecting other elements of the
image. You can also add
effects, such as transparency,
to one part of your image.
16.02 – Vector Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Task
CD 16.01 Background
Open CD 16.01 Background in your image
manipulation software. You may need to convert this to
a different file type depending on the software you are
using.
 Add a new layer to this image and use the drawing
tools to add shapes, lines etc. to the image.
 Use the drawing tools to draw a new tree or flower or
other feature.
 Change the shapes, move them, delete them, and
the background layer should not change.
 Add further layers with additional shapes or objects.
16.02 – Vector Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Grouping or merging
► When creating an image, you may have multiple items
(objects or shapes). These can all be moved individually,
which can cause problems when you need them to stay
together. You can group or merge items, which combines
them into one item that can be moved and resized
together.
► You can ungroup or unmerge items to separate them
again.
Task
Using the image you manipulated in the previous task, select
all the items you added in one layer (e.g. your drawing of a
tree) and group or merge them. The item should now move as
one, rather than as separate components.
16.02 – Vector Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Rotation and placing an item

► To rotate an item, you will need to choose a rotate
tool. This may be under a ‘Transform’ option. You
can then place the cursor on the corner of an item
and pull to rotate it. By using the cursor to select an
item and then move
it, you can drag it to
a new location.

Task
Rotate one of the items you have added in a layer, for
example a tree. Move it to a new location.
16.02 – Vector Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Transform tools
► Transform tools are used to change
the size, rotation, distortion and skew
of an item. There is often a Transform tools’ tick box or
option in the menu system to let you access these
controls. You can then use the handles in
the corner or edge of the item to change
its size and orientation.
Task
CD 16.02 Bench CD 16.01 Background
Insert the bench from CD 16.02 Bench into the
background on CD 16.01 Background. Resize the
bench and move it into a suitable position.
16.02 – Vector Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Selection tools
► A selection tool lets you access, edit and manipulate
just one part of an image. You can choose which parts
to change. There may be a range of different tools that
you can access depending on your software. For
example:
 A lasso tool lets you draw freehand around the area
of an image you want to select.
 A marquee tool provides you with a shape, such as a
rectangle, that you can draw over your image to
select a rectangular area.
 A magnetic lasso tool will stick to an edge within an
image, for example a line or a specific colour, which
means you don’t need to follow the line precisely.
16.02 – Vector Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Selection tools
► To select multiple areas, you usually need
to hold down the Shift, or Ctrl key at the
same time as making the selections.
► When making your selection, make sure you are on the
correct layer. If not, then you will be selecting that area of a
different layer, which will not give you the image required.

Task
CD 16.01 Background
Use a selection tool on CD 16.01 Background. Select one of
the trees. Create a new instance of this object (copy and paste
it into a new layer), then use the transform tools to adjust its
position and size. Repeat this with the bench.
16.02 – Vector Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Crop tools
► Cropping lets you select only part of
an image to keep and removes
everything else. To do this, select the
crop tool (it may be in a toolbox or in a
Figure 16.08 -
menu). It may look similar to the Crop symbol.
symbol in Figure 16.08.
Task
CD 16.01 Background CD 16.02 Bench
Insert the bench from CD 16.02 Bench into the
background on CD 16.01 Background. Resize the
bench and move it into a suitable position.
16.02 – Vector Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Fill tools and colour gradients

► A fill tool lets you select a colour, then fill a selected
area with that colour. For example, if you select red,
then the fill tool, then click inside a rectangle, it will
change the rectangle to red. Some software may
require you to select the fill tool, then the colour.
► You may have further fill options, such as:
 Fill with gradient: choose two
colours and the colour will gradually
grade from the first to second.
 Fill with pattern: select from a
range of patterns to fill a shape. You can usually
choose a colour as well.
16.02 – Vector Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Fill tools and colour gradients

► There may be a range of other fill tools, depending
on your software, that you can experiment with to
see what they do.

Task
CD 16.01 Background
Use a fill tool to change the colour of the sky, trees
and mountains in CD 16.01 Background. Make sure
you have the correct layer selected first. Change the
fill colour of the bench by use a fill pattern or gradient.
16.02 – Vector Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Node editing
► Node editing lets you adjust a shape by
manipulating the angles used to create it. Some
software refers to nodes as paths. Figure 16.09
shows the node manipulation symbols that appear.
► The centre square allows you to move that point of
a shape and the handles at the
edge allow you to manipulate the
shape. If you move the right-hand
square up, that part of the image
will follow, curving towards it.

Figure 16.09 - Edit node.

16.02 – Vector Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Node editing
► In the software there will be a node
select tool (or path selection). By
clicking on an image it will provide
you with points to manipulate.
Task
CD 16.01 Background
Select the nodes on one of the mountains on
CD 16.01 Background. Manipulate the shape of the
mountain. Make it higher and change the angles of
each side. Repeat this with the copy of a tree you
have made and change the shape of the trunk.
16.02 – Vector Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Fix text to a path

► As well as adding text to an image, you can design
a path for text to follow, so it can curve, spiral or do
whatever you want it to do.
► The path, or shape, for the text to follow needs to
be drawn first. Make sure this path is selected and
when you click on the text tool you should be able
to click on the path.
When you type, the text
will follow the path.
16.02 – Vector Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Task
CD 16.01 Background
Draw a curved line, similar to that in Figure
16.10, above the trees in CD 16.01
Background. Give the image a title. Adjust the
text size, colour etc. so it fits in with the scene.

Figure 16.10 - Curved line.

16.02 – Vector Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Save and compress an image

► There are a number of different file types for a vector image.
The file types available to you will depend on the software
you are using, for example Adobe Illustrator may provide
a .ai extension and CorelDraw may provide a .cdr. These file
types are not always compatible with other software.
► To change the file format, you can either:
 Save As, and choose a different file type, or
 Export as a different file type.
► File types may change the file size of your image,
depending on the resolution and number of colours used.
► For example, you can save an image as a 256 colour bmp
file, or as an eight-byte per pixel bmp file. The latter will
have a much better colour depth (a larger range of colours
used).
16.02 – Vector Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Save and compress an image

► However, the file size will be significantly larger.
► Some file types compress an image, either by lossy
methods (removing aspects of the image so it will not be the
same when decompressed) or lossless methods (the exact
image will be reproduced).
► Reducing the number of colours is an example of lossy
compression, because some of the colours will be lost and
cannot be retrieved in that image.
► Some file types do not support layered
graphics, so if you have created an
image with layers, depending on the file
type, the image may be flattened and
the layers cannot be retrieved.
16.02 – Vector Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Task
Look at the different file types available in your software.
Research for what these are used. Save your image using
different file types. Make sure you change the filename on
each one so you do not accidentally overwrite your image.
Compare the file sizes and the quality of the images you
have saved.

Task
A computer programmer has set up a company called
Stars. They would like a logo created to put on their
website, business cards and promotional material for the
company. Design and create a vector logo for Stars.
16.02 – Vector Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Questions
4. What is a layer?
5. What are the three
different selection tools?
6. What does grouping
objects do?
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Save and compress an image

► Layers work in bitmap images in the same way as in
vectors. You can add a layer to a bitmap image which
contains another bitmap or add a vector drawing.
► You can edit each layer independently from the other
aspects of the image.
► With a bitmap image, you can add further effects to a
layer, because it can then be applied to a whole area of
the image as opposed to individual objects within it.

Task
CD 16.03 New York CD 16.04 Helicopter
Open CD 16.03 New York. Add a new layer and add the
image from CD 16.04 Helicopter.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Rotating and placing an item

► The cursor is used to select and move an item placed
into a layer and the transform tool ‘Rotate’ is used to
turn an item. To select part of a bitmap image within a
layer, you will need to use a
selection tool (such as a marquee
selection tool), to select the pixels
that you want to manipulate.

Task
CD 16.03 New York
Move the helicopter to an appropriate position in the
sky and rotate it so it fits into the skyline
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Grouping or merging
► If you have multiple bitmap images in several layers you
can merge them to move them together in one layer.

Task
CD 16.03 New York CD 16.04 Helicopter
Open CD 16.03 New York and CD 16.04 Helicopter.
Add further copies of the helicopter onto the New
York image in the same layer. Select all of these
layers (you may need to use the Shift or Ctrl button to
select more than one), then group or merge the
layers into one layer. You should now be able to move
them together.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
16.4 -- Summary
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16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
16.4 -- Summary
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Selection tools
► The selection tools let you select only one part of an
image. You need to use a marquee
selection, a lasso or a magic wand to
select the pixels that you want to
manipulate.
Task
CD 16.03 New York
Use a selection tool (e.g. a magnetic lasso) to highlight
one of the buildings in CD 16.03 New York. Copy this
image and paste it into a new layer. Move the building so
it looks as if it belongs in the city. Repeat this with other
buildings to create your own version of New York.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
16.4 -- Summary
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Crop tools
► The crop tool will let you select part of an image
and delete the parts that are not selected.

Task
CD 16.05 Frog
Open CD 16.05 Frog. Crop the image so only the
face and eyes of the frog are visible
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Masking tools
► A mask lets you apply a technique (e.g. colour
or transparency) to a small part of an image.
► This is a very powerful tool and can let you
combine two images, by placing one image on
top of a second, and then removing elements
of it that you do not want to appear.
► To do this, you wilt need to add a mask to your
top layer, by painting over the elements of the
top layer (usually in black) you do not want to
appear. They will become transparent.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
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Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Task
CD 16.06 Doorway
CD 16.07 Landscape
Create a new bitmap image file and insert CD
16.06 Doorway and CD 16.07 Landscape.
Place the CD 16.06 Doorway layer on top of
CD 16.07 Landscape. Put a mask over the
doorway opening, so the landscape is visible
through the doorway (you can choose to leave
or mask the wall).
16.03 – Bitmap Images
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Vector vs.
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Bitmap 16.2
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Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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16.03 – Bitmap Images
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Vector vs.
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Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Tools to improve parts of an image

► There are a number of tools that you can use to edit
parts of a bitmap image:
 Blend: using this you can blend different layers
together by changing the opacity (transparency).
If the foreground and background are different
colours, the blend tool can create a gradient
blend of these colours. There are a range of
different blend techniques Key Term
from which you can choose, Opacity: the lack of
for example a ‘hard light’ transparency in an
option will bring dark image, or part of an
elements to prominence. image
16.03 – Bitmap Images
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Vector vs.
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Bitmap 16.2
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Vector 16.3
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Bitmap 16.4
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16.03 – Bitmap Images
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Vector vs.
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Bitmap 16.2
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Vector 16.3
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Bitmap 16.4
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Tools to improve parts of an image

 Retouch: the clone tool can be included as a
retouch tool, but there are often others such as a
healing brush and patch tools. These apply the
pixels from one area of an image to another area.
 For example, a smooth area of skin on a photo of a
person can be used to cover blemishes by applying
the pixels from the
smooth area.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
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Vector vs.
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Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Tools to improve parts of an image

 Replicate: This may also be known as a clone tool. With
this you can make an identical copy of part of an image.
For example, if you have a tree
that you would like to duplicate,
by using this tool you can ‘paint’ a
copy of the tree in a different
place without having to trace the
outline and copy it.
Task
Find and save a photo of a person (it could be an image of
yourself). Use the clone stamp tool to add more hair. Use the
retouch to remove any flaws or remove items such as
jewellery by using the skin to cover the area.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Remove red eye

► The red eye tool will automatically
remove a red eye effect caused by a
photo flash. Once you have selected the
red eye tool, simply draw a box across
(or click on) the red pupil. You may need
to do it more than once to get the whole
area. The tools uses the other colours
from the eye to fill in the pupil.

Task
Take a photo of a person, using a flash, which results in a red
eye effect or find a photo which is affected by red eye. Use the
remove red eye tool to correct the image.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
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Vector vs.
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Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Filters
► A filter can be used to add effects to an image or to
change a small element of it. There are numerous filter
tools you can use:
 Distort: this tool allows you to change the
perspective of an image, or part of an image. For
example, if a photo has distorted perspective, using
a lens correction distortion
can realign the image.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
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16.01 –
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Vector vs.
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Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Filters
 Blur: this tool reduces the
focus on areas of the image.
You can adjust the strength
of the blur, then drag the
tool over the area of the
image you want to blur.
 Sharpen: this tool
improves, or increases, the
contrast between colours.
For example, an edge
between a light and dark
area can be sharpened to
make it more defined.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
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Vector vs.
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Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Task
CD 16.08 Fruit bowl
Open CD 16.08 Fruit bowl. Use the sharpen, distort
and blur tools to alter the image. For example, you
could make the fruit the focus by increasing the
contrast and blurring other elements. You could also
use other tools mentioned above, for example the
clone tool, to add more fruit to the image.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Adjusting colours
► An entire image, or just part of one, can be converted from
colour into black and white, or duotone. The colour is
usually applied by adding a new layer on top of the image
and this is then adjusted, for example by choosing a black
and white, or more commonly, greyscale option.
► Duotone involves selecting a colour, which is then applied
to your image, again by adding it to a layer. To do this,
choose a duotone option (this may be in the menu
options). You can select two colours, for example black
and red. You may then have an option to adjust the extent
of each colour.
► The result will be the original image made up of just these
two colours and their shades.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
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Vector vs.
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Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Adjusting colours
► It is also possible to change an image to black and white,
then add a duotone, which changes the impact because it is
being applied to grey as opposed to a range of many
colours.
► Opacity means a lack of transparency, that is how solid and
un-see-through the image is. Opacity is a percentage, which
represents how transparent an image is.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
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Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Adjusting colours
► For example, 20% opacity means that the image is 80%
transparent. This can be added as a mask to the entire
image, or a small area of an image can be selected (using
an appropriate selection tool) and then the opacity can be
altered just in this area.
► Transparency can also be increased by adjusting the
alpha value. Alpha transparency, however, is not always
maintained depending on
the file type. See the
section ‘Save and
compress an image’ below
for further information.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
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Vector vs.
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Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Task
CD 16.09 Village
Open CD 16.09 Village. Change the colour to black and
white, duotone and a range of other colours. Compare
turning an image to black and white then to duotone,
rather than straight to duotone.

Task
CD 16.03 New York
Open CD 16.03 New York. Add a layer and change the
opacity of the helicopter.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
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Vector vs.
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Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Resizing
► An image can be resized or scaled. Bitmap images may
pixelate if they are increased too much in size. If part of
an image needs to be resized, then you can use a
selection tool to select the pixels you want to change
and then a transform tool can be used to adjust the
size.
► If the canvas needs to
be enlarged, this can
be done through the
menu system by
selecting canvas size
and entering a new
size.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
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Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
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Bitmap 16.4
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Resizing
► The canvas can also sometimes be increased in size by
using the crop tool. Instead of removing parts of the
image, move the edges out to increase their size.
► The new background, outside the image, may appear as a
checkerboard in grey and
white. This means it is
transparent.
► To change this, you will need
to either fill the background
with a colour, or colour
gradient, or increase the
size of the image to fill the
new space.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
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Vector vs.
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Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Text tools
► Text can be added to a bitmap image using
the text tool. You will be able to change the
font style, size and colour and make the
text follow a path if needed. Select the text tool and click
where you want to type your text. Adjust your settings from
the menu.
► Using transform tools you will be able to move and adjust
your text. Once you are happy with the position of your text,
this will then be turned into a bitmap, and the text is no
longer editable.
Task
Add a suitable title to the images you have created. Use a
range of styles and colours to edit your text
16.03 – Bitmap Images
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Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
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Bitmap 16.4
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Save and compress an image

► There are a range of file types you can use to save your
bitmap image. These can be selected by choosing an
option when saving or exporting the image. Some of these
include:
 BMP: There are a range of BMP formats, for example
black and white, 256 colours, four-bit (16 colours), eight-
bit (256 colours). The smaller the number of colours, the
smaller the file size, but the quality also decreases.
 GIF: this is a compressed format that will reduce the file
size and is commonly used for online images. This
format allows for transparency, as long as it was not
created using an alpha option, and is also restricted to
256 colours.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Save and compress an image

 JPEG: a common format that has a range of colour options
to reduce file size. The image is compressed when saved,
and decompressed when opened. The level of compression
can often be altered to
gain a balance of compression versus
quality. A JPEG image does not allow
for transparency. Any areas that are
transparent will be stored as white or
black.
 PNG: this format uses lossless
compression to reduce the file size. It
has a range of colour options, and it
keeps transparency in all images,
which is not so for all other options.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
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Bitmap 16.4
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Save and compress an image

 TIFF: in this format the number of colours can be
adjusted to reduce file size. This file type can save
effects, such as the use of layers, if saving and
reopening an image in the same software.
► When choosing a file type, do not overwrite the original file
as, if the compression reduces the quality, you may be
unable to retrieve the original. Save it under a new name.
Task
CD 16.03 New York
Using CD 16.03 New York, save the file under a range of file
types and colour depths. Compare the differences between
the image quality after saving, and the effects of the
transparency of the helicopter.
16.03 – Bitmap Images
16.01
16.01 –
– Vector
Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
16.3 -- Bitmap
Bitmap 16.4
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Task
Take a photo of yourself (or a friend). Create a set of images
of you (or your friend), placed in a variety of famous places
around the world. Make sure the image of the person fits
into the scene and looks as though they belong there (if the
colours are very different, try changing to a duotone).

Questions
7. What does a masking tool let you do?
8. What will happen if you duotone an image using red
and blue?
9. What tool do you need to use to select part of a
bitmap image?
16.04 – Summary
16.01
16.01 –
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Vector vs.
vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
16.2 -- Vector
Vector 16.3
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Bitmap 16.4
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► A bitmap image is made of pixels while a vector

image is made of shapes and coordinates (it stores
how the image is created). A bitmap image pixelates
when enlarged too much, but a vector does not.
► Image editing software can be used to enhance
images, for example changing photos for books,
newspapers and magazines.
► Image editing has positive and negative effects:
positive effects include removing flaws and
improving the appearance of publications, while
negative effects include creating unrealistic images
to which people my aspire my try to emmulate.
16.04 – Summary
16.01
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Bitmap 16.2
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► There are a range of tools and methods that can be used

on both vector and bitmap images (selection, grouping,
layers, colour gradients, adding text).
► However, some tools can be used with
bitmap images and not a vector
(distortion, blend, replicate, remove red
eye). Layers allow the components of
an image to be kept separate and
manipulated individually.
► Once images have been edited, bitmap
and vector images can be saved as
different file types and some images can
be compressed, with different file types
having different levels of compression.
16 – Questions
16.01
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– Vector
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vs. Bitmap
Bitmap 16.2
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?
Review Questions
1. Describe the difference between a bitmap and a
vector graphic.

[4]
2. Explain why a bitmap image pixelates when increased
in size.

[2]
3. Explain why a vector image does not pixelate when
increased in size.

[1]