DIFFERENTIATIAL
CALCULUS
BY
FOLAYAN,ADEWALE JOHNSON
1.2.1 Differentiation: The
Derivative of a function
The derivative of the differentiable
function f(x) is given by
f(x h) f ( x )
f ' ( x ) lim h
h 0
This is known as the first principle of
differentiation. In another notation we
write dy f(x δx) f(x)
lim
dx δx 0 δx
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Given that
y 3x 4 x 7
2
Find dy From first Principles
dx
REMEMBER that the DERIVATIVE means the GRADIENT OF
THE TANGENT to a curve.
Here we will end up with an algebraic expression because we
do not know the specific point to find the gradient.
The formula that we will use is
dy f ( x x) f ( x)
lim
dx x 0 x
f ( x) 3x 4 x 7 2 This is our function that
we wish to differentiate
To obtain f ( x x) we substitute ( x x ) Wherever we see the x in the function
f ( x x ) 3( x x) 4( x x ) 7
2
Expand brackets and simplify
WORKINGS
f ( x x) 3( x x) 4( x x) 7
2
( x x) 2 ( x x)( x x)
x 2 x x x x x 2
x 2 2 x x x 2
This will be the SAME in EVERY
f ( x x) 3( x x) 2 4( x x ) 7 Case!!!
f ( x x) 3( x 2 2 x x x 2 ) 4( x x) 7
EXPAND BRACKETS
f ( x x) 3x 2 6 x x 3 x 2 4 x 4 x 7
This can NOT simplify so DON’T EVEN TRY!!!
dy f ( x x) f ( x)
lim
dx x 0 x
dy f ( x x ) f ( x) Consider the gradient of the chord
lim
dx x 0 x
f ( x x) f ( x) (3x 2 6 x x 3 x 2 4 x 4 x 7) (3 x 2 4 x 7)
x x
The WHOLE of the first bracket will ALWAYS cancel out with parts of the second bracket
(3 x 2 6 x x 3 x 2 4 x 4 x 7) (3 x 2 4 x 7)
x
6 x x 3 x 2 4 x The numerator left will ALWAYS have
a common factor of x
x
x(6 x 3 x 4) x
You can ALWAYS cancel
x
(6 x 3 x 4) So this is the gradient of the chord
dy f ( x x) f ( x)
lim
dx x 0 x
So now we take the LIMIT as x Gets closer and closer to ZERO
dy
lim (6 x 3 x 4)
dx x 0
dy
6x 4 TO CONCLUDE
dx y 3x 4 x 7
2
dy
6x 4
dx
1.3.1 Standard Derivatives Table
dy
S/No y f( x) y' dx
n n1
1. x nx
x x
2. e e
x x
3. a a lna
1
4. ln x x
loga x 1
5. x lna
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1.3.1 Standard Derivatives Table
dy
S /N o y f ( x ) y' dx
6 . sin x cos x
7 . cos x sin x
tan x 2
8 . sec x
9 . cot x csc x 2
1 0. sec x sec x tan x
1 1. csc x csc x cot x
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1.3.1 Standard Derivatives Table
dy
S /N o y f ( x ) y ' dx
1 2 . sinh x cosh x
1 3 . cosh x sinh x
tanh x 2
1 4 . sec
h x
coth x 2
1 5 . csc h x
1 6 . sec hx sec hx tanh x
1 7 . csc hx csc hx coth x
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1.3.2 Memory Test 1: Standard
Derivatives
Try to write down the derivatives of the
following functions without looking at
the table of standard derivatives.
i. y x 7
i i . y 5 x iii . y log 3 x
iv . y ln x v . y cos x vi . y csc hx
vii . y e x viii. y sec x ix. y sinh x
x . y tan x xi. y sin x xii. y csc x
xiii . y cosh x xiv. y sec hx xv . y coth x
xvi . y tanh x xvii. y cot x xviii . y x
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CLASS WORK
Practice: Find the derivative of the
following functions using the first
principle of differentiation.
i. f ( x ) 5x 2
ii . f ( x ) 3 x 2 2 x 8
iii . f ( x ) 1x
iv . f ( x ) x
v. f ( x ) 1
x
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Rules of Differentiation
1. Addition Rule
2. Substraction Rule
3. Product Rule
4. Quotient Rule
5. Chain Rule (Function of a Function)
1.4 Rules of Differentiation
Let u = f(x) and v = g(x) be two
differentiable functions then the
following rules hold:
dy du dv
i . y u v y' dx dx dx sum
rule
ii . y u v y' dy du dv
dx dx dx
difference
rule
iii . y uv
dy dv v du product
y' dx u dx dx rule
rule
du u dv
iv . y uv
dy
y' dx
v dx dx quotient
2
v
v . y u( x ) y'
dy
dx
dy du
du dx
composite
rule
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Addition and Subtraction Rule (Linear Rule)
1.4.1 The Sum Rule
Solution: i . y 3x2 2x
This is a sum of two functions
2
u 3x du 6 x ; and
dv 2
v 2 x dx
dx
then y u v
dy du dv
dx dx dx
sum
rule
dy d ( 3 x 2 ) d ( 2 x )
dx dx dx
dy
dx 6 x 2
Sum Rule: The derivative of sums of functions
equals the sum of derivatives of each functions
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1.4.2 The Difference Rule
2
Solution: ii . y x cos x
This is a difference of two functions
u x 2 du
dx 2 x ; and v cos x dv sin x
dx
then y u v
dy du dv
dx dx dx
difference
rule
dy d ( x 2 ) d ( cos x )
dx dx dx
dy
dx
2 x ( sin x ) 2 x sin x
Difference Rule: The derivative of differences of
functions equals the differences of derivatives
of each functions
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Example
Product Rule
1.4.3 The Product Rule
3 x
Solution: iii . y x e
This is a product of two functions
u x 3 du 2 x dv x
dx 3x ; and v e dx e
then
dy
y uv dx dv v du
u dx dx product
rule
x 3
dy 3 d (e ) x d(x )
dx x dx e dx
dy
dx x 3e x 3 x 2 e x
Product Rule: The derivative of product of two
functions = first (function) X differential second
+ second (function) X differential first.
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Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Class Work
1.4.4 The Quotient Rule
x 3 5 x 1
Solution: iv . y
3 x 2 5
This is a function with quotient
u x 3 5 x 1 du
dx
3 x 2
5; v 3 x 2
5 dv 6 x
dx
v du
quotient
rule
u dv
then y uv
dy dx dx
dx
v2
d ( x 3 5 x 1) d ( 3 x 2 5)
( 3 x 2 5) ( x 3 5 x 1)
dy dx dx
dx
( 3 x 2 5) 2
dy ( 3 x 2 5 )(3 x 2 5 ) ( x 3 5 x 1) 6 x 3 x 4 30 x 2 6 x 25
dx
2
( 3 x 5) 2
( 3 x 2 5 )2
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Quotient Rule
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Class Work
Chain Rule
Chain Rule
Example
Example
Example
Class Work
Implicit Differentiation
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
1.4.5 The Composite Rule
Solution: vii . y cos x ln( 2 x 3 1)
Combines product and composite functions
u cos x du
dx sin x; 3
v ln( 2 x 1);
3 dv dv dw 1 2 6 x 2
let w 2 x 1 v ln w ; w 6x
dx dw dx 2 x 3 1
thus y uv dy u dv v du
dx dx dx
product
rule
dy 2
dx cos x ( 3 ) ln( 2 x 3 1)( sin x )
6 x
2 x 1
dy 6 x 2 3
dx 3 cos x sin x ln( 2 x 1)
2 x 1
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Class Work
1.4 ASSIGNMENT
: Applying Rules of
Differentiation
Differentiate the following functions
with
respect to x (using rules of
differentiation as appropriate).
i . y cot x ii . y x 2 ln x
3
iii . y x 2 sin x 4
iv . y cos x
x x
v. y e 5 vi . y log10 x ln x
vii . y ( x 2 3 x 1)17 2 x
viii. y 2
x 2
y 3 x tan x
2
2 x 1
ix . x . y sec x
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Differentiation of Trigonometrical Functions
