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Fundamentals of Computer: Prof. Jhalak Dutta

This document provides an overview of fundamentals of computer information processing systems in 3 paragraphs. It defines key terms like data, information, and data processing. It explains that a computer accepts and processes data to transform it into information by following a set of instructions. The document outlines the major components of an information processing system including hardware, software, and peopleware. It also describes the basic units of measurement like bits and bytes.

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Jhalak Dutta
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226 views

Fundamentals of Computer: Prof. Jhalak Dutta

This document provides an overview of fundamentals of computer information processing systems in 3 paragraphs. It defines key terms like data, information, and data processing. It explains that a computer accepts and processes data to transform it into information by following a set of instructions. The document outlines the major components of an information processing system including hardware, software, and peopleware. It also describes the basic units of measurement like bits and bytes.

Uploaded by

Jhalak Dutta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fundamentals of

Computer
Prof. Jhalak Dutta
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata
Owner and Managing Director
Dutta Computer Academy, Kolkata
www.duttacomputeracademy.co.in
Information Processing System
 DATA is a collection of independent and
unorganized facts.
 INFORMATION is the processed and
organized data presented in a meaningful
form.
 DATA PROCESSING is the course of
doing things in a sequence of steps.
Information Processing System
 COMPUTER is an electronic machine that
follows a set of instructions in order that it
may be able to accept and gather data
and transform these into information.
PROCESSING
SYSTEM

DATA INFORMATION
Functions of an Information
Processing System
1. It accepts and gather data. (INPUT)
2. It processes data to become information.
(PROCESSING)
3. It stores data and information. (STORE)
4. It presents information. (OUTPUT)
Three Major Components of an
Information Processing System
 HARDWARE is the tangible part of a
computer system.
 SOFTWARE is the non-tangible part that
tells the computer how to do its job.
 PEOPLEWARE refer to people who use
and operate the computer system, write
computer programs, and analyze and
design the information system.
Basic Units of Measurement
 BIT is a unit of information equivalent to
the result of a choice between only 2
possible alternatives in the binary number
system.
 BYTE is a sequence of 8 bits (enough to
represent one character of alphanumeric
data) processed as a single unit for
information.
Basic Units of Measurement
 A byte can be used to represent a single
character, which can be:
A letter
 A number
 A special character or symbol, or
 A space
Basic Units of Measurement
 1,000bytes =1 kilobyte (K or KB)
1,000 KB =1 megabyte (MB)
1,000 MB =1 gigabyte (GB)
1,000 GB =1 Terabyte (TB)
BASIC PC HARDWARE
 HARDWARE is the tangible part of a
computer system.
Basic hardware of a PC system
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Memory Unit
 Input Devices
 Output Devices
 Secondary Storage Devices
1. Central Processing Unit
 Brain of the computer.
 It directs and controls the entire computer
system and performs all arithmetic and
logical operations.
2. Memory Unit
 Where the programs and
data are stored .
 READ ONLY MEMORY
(ROM) contains the pre-
programmed computer
instructions such as the Basic
Input Output System (BIOS).
 RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY (RAM) is used to
store the programs and data
that you will run. Exists only
when there is power.
3. Input Devices
 Allows data and programs to be sent to
the CPU.
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Microphone
 Webcam
 Scanner
 Monitor
Keyboard
 Traditional keyboards
 Flexible keyboards
 Ergonomic keyboards
 Wireless keyboards
 PDA keyboards
Two Types of Mouse
 Mechanical - a type of
computer mouse that has a
rubber or metal ball on its
underside and it can roll in
every direction. 
 Optical:  This type uses a
laser for detecting the
mouse's movement. 
How a Mouse Hooks Up to a PC
 PS/2 Mouse

 Serial Mouse

 USB/Cordless Mouse
Other Pointing Devices
 Trackball

 Track point

 Touch pad

 Touch Screen
 Joystick – input device for
computer games

 Light Pens – light-


sensitive penlike device

 Stylus – penlike device


commonly used with
tablet PCs and PDAs.
Scanning Devices
 Optical scanners
 Card readers
 Bar code readers
 Character and mark recognition devices
Image Capturing Devices
 Digital Cameras

 Digital Video Cameras


4. Output Devices
 Media used by the computer in displaying
its responses to our requests and
instructions.
 Monitor
 Audio Speakers
 Printer
Types of Monitor
 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)


Printers
 IMPACT PRINTERS uses pressure by
physically striking the paper. Ex. Daisy
wheel printers, line printers, dot matrix
printers & band printers.
 NON-IMPACT PRINTER does not apply
pressure on the paper but instead
produces character by using lasers, ink
spray, photography or heat.
Dot matrix
printer

Laser Inkjet printer


printer
5. Secondary Storage Devices
 Attached to the computer system to allow
you to store programs and data
permanently for the purpose of retrieving
them for future use.
 Floppy disk, Hard disk, CD Rom
Floppy Disk
 The most common secondary storage
device
 3.5” disk – 1.44MB
High-Capacity Floppy Disks
 Floppy disk cartridges
 3 ½ inches in diameter
 Stores more information
 Zip disks
Hard Disk Drive or Hard Disk
 Made of rigid materials unlike floppy disks
 Holds a greater amount of data
Optical Discs
 A standard part of modern desktop
machines, especially used for multimedia
purposes and preferred in loading
applications.
Kinds
 Blue Ray Disk – 40G
 Digital Versatile Disk
 DVD-R – write once, 3.95G
 DVD RW – rewritable, 3G
 Single Layer and Double Layer
 Compact Disk
 CD-R– write once, 650MB
 CD-RW – rewritable, 700MB
Optical Drives
 CD-ROM read CDs
 CD-Writer read/write CDs
 DVD-Combo read/write CDs, read DVD
 DVD Writer read/write CDs
read/write DVDs
Other Secondary Storage
 Solid-State Storage
 No moving parts
 Flash memory cards

 USB flash drives


Parts that Build Up A System Unit
 Casing or cover  Sound card
 Power Supply  Floppy disk drive
 Motherboard  Hard disk drive
 Microprocessor  CD-ROM drive
 Memory  MODEM
 Video Card
Casing or cover
 The box or outer shell
that houses most of the
computer, it is usually
one of the most
overlooked parts of the
PC.
 Protects the computer
circuits, cooling and
system organization.
Power Supply
 Responsible for powering every device in your
computer.
 Parts of a Power supply:
 Disk drive connectors
 Motherboard connector
 Power supply fan
 Power switch
 Input voltage selector
 Cover
 Power plugs receptacle
Motherboard
 The physical arrangement in a computer that
contains the computer’s basic circuitry and
components.
 Components are:
 Microprocessor
 (Optional) Coprocessors
 Memory
 Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
 Expansion Slot
 Interconnecting circuitry
Expansion Slots
 Graphic cards
 Sound cards
 Modem cards
 Network interface cards/network adapter
Software
 Instructions that tell the computer how to
process data into the form you want.
 Software and programs are
interchangeable.
 Two major types:
 System and Applications
2 Kinds of Software
1. System Software enables the application
software to interact with the computer
hardware.
 Operating Systems are programs that coordinate
computer resources, provide an interface between
users and the computer; and run applications.
 Utilities perform specific tasks related to managing
computer resources.
 Device drivers are specialized programs designed
to allow particular input or output devices to
communicate with the rest of the computer system.
Functions of a System Software
 Managing resources (memory, processing,
storage, and devices like printer).
 Providing user interface
 Running applications
2 Kinds of Software
2. Applications Software - provides the real
functionality of a computer. It help you
use your computer to do specific types of
work.
 Basic Applications, widely used in all career
areas.
 Specialized Applications, more
narrowly focused on specific
disciplines and occupations.
DOS and GUI Operating System
Disk Operating System
 DOS was the first widely installed
operating system for personal computers.
 Command-driven
MS-DOS Commands
 A COMMAND is the name of a special
program that makes your computer carry
out a task.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
 Thru GUI, users can interact directly with
the operating system.
 Microsoft Windows
 Icons, Menus, Dialog boxes
FILES
 FILE is simply a collection of information
that you store on a disk or diskette.
 Must have a unique name
 Two parts: the filename and extension
separated by a period.
RECIPE.DOC
EXTENSIONS
 Use extension to make your filenames
more descriptive.
 .DOC – word documents
 .XLS – excel documents
 .PPT – powerpoint documents
DIRECTORIES
 One way of organizing the files on your
computer Hard Disk
 ROOT – one basic directory
 Subdirectories

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