CCNA 1 Chapter 1

Introduction to Networking

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 Objectives
• The connection to the Internet
• Networking math

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 Course Information

• Concepts, Terminology, OSI Model, IP Addressing, Subnetting,

Ethernet, LANs, Protocols, Packets, Frames, Data
Communications
• This is the first course in the Cisco Networking Academy CCNA
curriculum, and is a prerequisite for some of the MCSE/MCSA and
SAIR Linux certification courses.
• It introduces networking standards, concepts, topology, media and
terminology including LANs, WANs, the OSI model, cabling, IP
addressing, subnetting, network hardware and various protocols.
• This course also provides additional information on networking theory
and protocols beyond that of the basic Cisco Networking Academy
Semester 1 course, leading to a more detailed understanding of
networking.

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 CCNA – CCNP – CCIE

BS CSIT BS
TMAC AA
CNSA AS
CNAS

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 What about Cisco Systems?

• Question: Does this and some of the other courses focus only on
Cisco Systems networking? Does it apply to using non-Cisco
equipment?

• Answer: All of the information and more than 95% of the courses that
use Cisco equipment applies to general networking knowledge.
– Cisco, Nortel, Lucent, Alcatel, Foundry, Juniper, and others, all
apply industry standards protocols from IETF, IEEE, and others.
– Typing the commands on the equipment is very easy.
Understanding what is happening; how to design, implement, and
troubleshoot networks is the difficult part.
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 Watsonville Routing Table ISP A Routing Table ISP B Routing Table San Jose Routing Table
Network Exit Int. Next Hop Network Exit Int. Next Hop Network Exit Int. Next Hop Network Exit Int. Next Hop
172.16.0.0 S0 Connected 10.44.0.0 S1 Connected 10.44.0.0 S0 Connected 10.10.0.0/16 E0 Connected
192.168.1.0 E0 Connected 172.16.0.0 S0 Connected 172.30.0.0 S1 Connected 172.30.0.0 S0 Connected
Default S0 172.16.10.2 10.10.0.0/16 S1 10.44.0.2 10.10.0.0/16 S1 172.30.1.2 Default S0 172.30.1.1
192.168.10.0 S0 172.16.10.1 192.168.10.0 S0 10.44.0.1

Default GW Introduction to Routing Protocols

Watsonville
or Local Router
ISP A ISP B San Jose
Router Router Router
Host Ethernet 0 Serial 0 T1/PPP T1/PPP T1/PPP
Serial 0 Serial 1 Serial 0 Serial 1 Serial 0 Ethernet 0
Algorithm
192.168.10.1/24
MAC: 00-AA-03 172.16.10.1/16 172.16.10.2/16 10.44.0.1/16 10.44.0.2/16 172.30.1.1/16 172.30.1.2/16 10.10.0.1
MAC:00-0C-CC

Ethernet Switch Flood IP Addressing and Subnetting

or Filter Algorithm IP Protocol
Switch A Switch B Switch C
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Host E ARP Table 1 2 3 4 5
IP Address MAC Address
E

Ethernet Protocol Hub

DNS Server
TCP and UDP Protocols
192.168.10.111/24
1 2 3 4 5 Def.Gate: 192.168.10.1 DNS
MAC: 00-00-E1
A B ICMP F G

192.168.10.10/24 192.168.10.37/24
DHCP Web Server 10.10.30.9/16
Def.Gate: 192.168.10.1 Def.Gate: 192.168.10.1 www.rideawave.org Def.Gate: 10.10.0.1
MAC: 00-00-A9 MAC: 00-00-34 C D 10.10.10.10/16 MAC: 00-01-AA
Def.Gate: 10.10.0.1
Host D ARP Table MAC: 00-AB-CD
IP Address MAC Address
Host A ARP Table 192.168.10.15/24 192.168.10.33/24
IP Address MAC Address Def.Gate: 192.168.10.1 Def.Gate: 192.168.10.1
Host F ARP Table
MAC: 00-00-DB MAC: 00-00-C4
IP Address MAC Address

ARP Protocol and ARP Cache Process

Switch A MAC Address Table Switch B MAC Address Table Watsonville Router ARP Table (E0)
Switch C MAC Address Table
IP Address MAC Address
MAC Address Source Port MAC Address Source Port MAC Address Source Port

Learning Bridge
Algorithm and San Jose Router ARP Table (E0)
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Table Operations IP Address MAC Address www.ciscopress.com
 Course Information

Some of the fundamental networking topics covered:

 Ethernet frames
• Network Topologies
 MAC addresses
• Transmission media
 Layer 2 communications
• Coax, twisted pair, fiber
 IP Addressing and Subnetting
• Modulation
 Classful and Classless addressing
• NICs
 Introduction to Routers and
• Hubs and Repeaters, Routing Protocols
• Switches and Bridges  ARP
• ISO and the OSI Model  ICMP
• Cabling, UTP  DHCP and DNS
• Collisions domains  TCP and UDP
• Broadcast domains
• Binary and Hexadecimal number
systems
This will not be the last time you learn
about these topics in your networking
Copyright 2003 education and career.
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 The role of an IT
(Information Technology) Professional

• Networks are no longer a “luxury”, but a required resource necessary for an

organization to conduct business.
• In most organizations, networks must be operational 24x7, for anything from
mission critical applications to accessing email and information from off-campus.
• 9 out of 10 jobs in the IT (Information Technology) industry are in non-IT
companies (ITAA).

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 Approach
• Repetition
• Documentation (PowerPoints, Reader, Books, Internet)
• Tools:
– Ethereal Protocol Analyzer
– Packet Tracer
• Do expect you to be able to extend your knowledge on
your own.
• Encourage courteous participation
• No surprise tests.

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 Requirements for
Internet Connection
• Connection to the Internet can be broken down
into the following:
– Physical connection
• Used to transfer signals between PCs within the local
network and to remote devices on the Internet (modem, NIC)

– Logical connection
• Uses standards called protocols. A protocol is a formal
description of a set of rules and conventions that govern how
devices on a network communicate (TCP/IP)
– The application
• Interprets the data and displays the information in an
understandable form (HTML, FTP)
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 PC Basics
• Electronic components (Discrete Components)
– Connector, capacitor, intergrated circuits, LED, resistor,
transistor

• Personal computer subsystems

– Bus, CD-ROM drive, CPU, disk drives, microprocessor,
motherboard, RAM, ROM

Backplane components – large circuit board that contains

sockets for expansions
– NIC, video card, sound card, serial port, mouse port,
network card, parallel port, keyboard port, USB

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All Computers Have a CPU, Memory,
Storage, and Interfaces

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 Network Interface Cards
• When you select a network card,
consider the following three
factors:
– Protocols – Ethernet, Token Ring,
or FDDI
– Types of media – Twisted-pair,
coaxial, wireless, or fiber-optic
– Type of system bus – PCI or ISA

• Installing a NIC in a PC

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 NIC and Modem Installation
• Connectivity to the
Internet requires an
adapter card, which may
be a modem or NIC.

• Notebook computers may

have a built-in interface or
use a PCMCIA card.
Desktop systems may
use an internal or
external NIC.

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• Situations that require NIC
– Adding a NIC to PC that does not have one
– Replacing a bad or damaged NIC
– Upgrading from 10Mpbs NIC to 100 Mbps NIC

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 High-Speed and Dialup
Connectivity

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 TCP/IP Description and Configuration
• Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) is a
set of protocols or rules
developed to allow
cooperating computers
to share resources
across a network.

• To enable TCP/IP on
the workstation, it must
be configured using the
operating system tools.

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 Testing Connectivity with Ping
• Ping is a program that is
useful for verifying a
successful TCP/IP
installation.

• It works by sending multiple

IP packets to a specified
destination.
• Example:
• Each packet sent is a request – ping 127.0.0.1 (loopback)
for a reply. Each reply – ping ip address or host
contains the success ratio – ping default gateway
and round-trip time to the address IP address
destination. – ping remote IP destination
address

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 172.30.1.20 172.30.1.25

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 Traceroute
• Traceroute is a utility that records the route (router IP addresses)
between two devices on different networks.

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 Web Browser and Plug-Ins
• Web browsers
– A web browser acts on
behalf of a user by
• Contacting a web
server
• Requesting information
• Receiving information
• Displaying the results
on a screen

• Plug-ins
– Flash/Shockwave,
QuickTime, Real Audio,
Adobe

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 Number Systems
• Knowing what base someone refers to
– Decimal uses 10 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
– Binary uses 2 digits: 0 and 1.

• Base conventions
– 101 in base 2 is spoken as one zero one.

• Working with exponents

– 103 = 10 X 10 X 10 = 1000
– 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16

• Binary numbers
– Use principle of place value just as decimal numbers do
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 Binary Number System

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 Bits and Bytes
• Bits are binary digits. They are either 0s or 1s. In
a computer, they are represented by On/Off
switches or the presence or absence of electrical
charges, light pulses, or radio waves.

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Base 10 number system – The Math

• The decimal number system: based on powers of 10.

• Each column position of a value, from right to left, is multiplied by the
number 10, which is the base number, raised to a power, which is the
exponent.
• The power that 10 is raised to depends on its position to the left of the
decimal point.
• 2134 = (2x103) + (1x102) + (3x101) + (4x100) www.ciscopress.com
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 Base 10 (Decimal) Number System
Digits (10): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Number of:
104 103 102 101 100
10,000’s 1,000’s 100’s 10’s 1’s

1,309 1 3 0
9
99 9 9
100 1 0 0

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 Base 2 number system – The Math

• 101102 = (1 x 24 = 16) + (0 x 23 = 0) + (1 x 22 = 4) + (1 x 21
= 2) + (0 x 20 = 0) = 22 (16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0)

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 Base 2 Table

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

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 Converting 8-Bit Binary to Decimal

• Binary numbers are converted to decimal

numbers by multiplying the binary digits by the
base number of the system, which is base 2,
and raised to the exponent of its position.

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 Base 2 Calculations
8-Bit Values

Binary Value: 10101010

Start the value row and

position row with 1 in the
rightmost box.
Each subsequent value is
the current value times the
base (2 in this case).

Binary Value: 11101001

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 Converting Decimal to Binary

Example: 35 = 32 + 2 + 1 = 00100011

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1

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 Converting Decimal to Binary

Start by dividing the decimal by the largest number in

the Value row that will go.
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 Looking At the Table
Relationships

The table will work with larger numbers, such as

this 12-bit example.

For any number in the value row,

the sum of all numbers to the
right is the current value minus 1
(64 - 1 = 63).

-
Sometimes its easier to subtract the 0 values
from 255 (largest 8-bit value).
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 Four-Octet Dotted-decimal
Representation of
32-Bit Binary Numbers
• Split the binary number into four groups of eight
binary digits. Then convert each group of eight
bits, also known as an octet into its decimal
equivalent.

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 Boolean or Binary Logic
• Boolean logic is based on
digital circuitry that
accepts one or two
incoming voltages.

• Boolean logic is a binary

logic that allows two
numbers to be compared
and generate a choice
based on the two
numbers.

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 IP Addresses and Network Masks
• When IP addresses are
assigned to computers, use a
portion of the bits on the left
side of the 32-bit IP number to
represent a network.

• The bits left over in the 32-

bit IP address identify a
particular computer on the
network.

• The IP address of a computer

usually consists of a network,
and a host part that represents
a particular computer on a
particular network.

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