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Research Method

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Jennifer Andriani
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18 views

Research Method

Uploaded by

Jennifer Andriani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

Scientific Investigation

Slide 2-2
Hallmarks
Hallmarks of
of Scientific
Scientific Research:
Research:

 Hallmarks or main distinguishing


characteristics of scientific research:
 Purposiveness
 Rigor
 Testability
 Replicability
 Precision and Confidence
 Objectivity
 Generalizability
 Parsimony
Slide 2-3
Hypothetico-Deductive Research

 The Seven-Step Process in the


Hypothetico-Deductive Method
 Identify a broad problem area
 Define the problem statement
 Develop hypotheses
 Determine measures
 Data collection
 Data analysis
 Interpretation of data
Slide 2-4
Deduction and Induction

 Deductive reasoning: application of a


general theory to a specific case.
 Hypothesis testing

 Inductive reasoning: a process where we


observe specific phenomena and on this
basis arrive at general conclusions.
 Counting white swans

 Both inductive and deductive processes


are often used in research.
Slide 2-5
Alternative
Alternative Approaches
Approaches to
to What
What
Makes
Makes Good
Good Research
Research

 Positivism
 Constructionism

 The middle ground:


 Critical realism
 Pragmatism

Slide 2-6
Positivism

 Scientific research is the way to get to the


truth

 Rigour and replicability, reliability, and


generalizability

 Key approach: experiment

Slide 2-7
Constructionism
Constructionism

 The world as we know it is fundamentally


mental

 Aim to understand the rules people use to


make sense of the world

 Research methods are often qualitative in


nature

Slide 2-8
Critical Realism

 There is an external reality but we cannot


always objectively measure this external
reality

 The critical realist is critical of our ability


to understand the world with certainty

Slide 2-9
Pragmatism
 Do not take a particular position on what
makes good research

 Research on both objective and


subjective phenomena can produce
useful knowledge

 Relationship between theory and practice

 Purpose of theory is to inform practice


Slide 2-10
Chapter 3

Defining and Refining the


Problem

Slide 3-11
First Steps Research Process

FIGURE 3.1
Three important first steps in the research process:

Step 1 Step 2
Step 3

Identification of
the Broad Preliminary Definition of the
Management Research Research Problem
Problem

Slide 3-12
Problem

 Problem: any situation where a gap exists


between an actual and a desired ideal
state.

Slide 3-13
The Broad Problem Area
 Examples of broad problem areas that a
manager could observe at the workplace:
 Training programs are not as effective as
anticipated.
 The sales volume of a product is not
picking up.
 Minority group members are not
advancing in their careers.
 The newly installed information system is
not being used by the managers for whom
it was primarily designed.
 The introduction of flexible work hours has
created more problems than it has solved
in many companies.
Slide 3-14
Symptoms
Symptoms versus
versus Problems
Problems

 It is important that symptoms of problems


are not defined as the real problem.
 One way of determining that the problem,
rather than the symptom, is being
addressed is a technique called ‘5 Whys’
or ‘5 times why’.
 This approach will help you to get to the
root cause (the most basic cause) of a
problem.
Slide 3-15
Symptoms
Symptoms versus
versus Problems
Problems
 Keep asking “Why?” until the most basic cause is
arrived at.
 Example: My best employees are leaving the
organization.
 Why? They are not satisfied with their jobs.
 Why? They don’t find a challenge in their jobs.
 Why? They don’t have control over their work.
 Why? They don’t have enough influence over
planning, executing, and evaluating their
work.
 Why? We have been reluctant to delegate.

Slide 3-16
From
From Problem
Problem to
to Feasible
Feasible Research
Research Topic
Topic

 We need to transform the broad problem


into a feasible topic for research by:
a) making it more specific and precise;
b) setting clear boundaries;
c) selecting a perspective from which we
investigate the subject (Machi and
McEvoy, 2012).

 Preliminary research will help us to make


these transformations.
Slide 3-17
Preliminary
Preliminary Information
Information Gathering
Gathering

 Nature of information to be gathered:


1. Information on the organization and its
environment – that is, the contextual
factors.
2. Information on the topic of interest.

Slide 3-18
First Review of the Literature

 Helps the researcher to:


 Structure research on work already
done
 Develop problem statement with
precision and clarity

 Is beneficial in both basic and applied


research projects

Slide 3-19
What
What Makes
Makes aa Good
Good Problem
Problem Statement?
Statement?

 Good problem statement includes both:


 The research objective
 Research questions

Slide 3-20
A
A Good
Good Problem
Problem Statement
Statement

 Research objective: why of the research

 Research objective applied research:


 to solve a specific problem in a work setting;
 to change something.

 Example:
 To determine factors that increase employee
commitment to the organization;

 Allows manager to increase commitment and hence


to decrease turnover, absenteeism and increase
performance levels.
Slide 3-21
Example

The purpose of this study is twofold:


1. to identify the factors that influence the
passenger’s waiting experience and
2. to investigate the possible impact of
waiting on customer satisfaction and
service evaluations.

Slide 3-22
A Good Problem Statement
 Research questions:
 what of the research (what do you want to learn?)
 Translates problem into a specific need for information

 Research questions:
 Are related to the objective
 If objective is unclear we will not be able to formulate research
questions

 Example:
 What are the factors that affect the perceived waiting experience of
airline passengers
 To what extent do these factors affect the perception of waiting times?
 What are the affective consequences of waiting
 How does affect mediate the relationship between waiting and service
evaluations?
 How do situational variables (such as filled time) influence customer
reactions to the waiting experience?
Slide 3-23
Good Problem
Problem Statement
Statement

 Relevant
 for the organization
 Feasible
 you are able to answer the research
questions within the restrictions of the
research project.
 Interesting
 to you!

Slide 3-24
Basic Types of Questions

 Exploratory
 Descriptive
 Causal

Slide 3-25
Basic Types of Questions

 Exploratory questions:
 not much is known about the situation
at hand, or no information is available
on how similar problems or research
issues have been solved in the past.
 Example:
 A service provider wants to know why
his customers are switching to other
service providers?
Slide 3-26
Basic Types of Questions
 Descriptive questions:
 Enable the researcher to describe the
characteristics of the variables of interest in a
situation.
 Example:
 What is the profile of the individuals who have
loan payments outstanding for 6 months and
more?
 The profile would include details of their average
age, earnings, nature of occupation, full-time/part-
time employment status, and the like. This might
help him to elicit further information or decide
right away on the types of individuals who should
Slide 3-27 be made ineligible for loans in the future.
Basic Types of Questions

 Causal questions:
 Delineating one or more factors that are
causing a problem.
 Example:
 Will the sales of product X increase if
we increase the advertising budget?

Slide 3-28
The Research Proposal

 The research proposal drawn up by the


investigator is the result of a planned,
organized, and careful effort.

Slide 3-29
Research
Research Proposal
Proposal Contains
Contains (1)

 Working title.
 Background of the study.
 The problem statement.
- The purpose of the study.
- Research questions.
 The scope of the study.
 The relevance of the study.

Slide 3-30
Research
Research Proposal
Proposal Contains
Contains (2)

 The research design offering details on:


a. Type of study
b. Data collection methods
c. The sampling design.
d. Data analysis.
 Time frame of the study
 Budget
 Selected bibliography.

Slide 3-31

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