MULTIPLEXING

BY

E N G R : S RE H A N A L I S H A H
Introduction of Multiplexing

Whenever the transmission capacity of the medium

linking two device is greater than the transmission
needs of the device, the link can be shared.
As a large water pipe can carry water to several
separate house at once.
Multiplexing is the set of technique s that allows the
simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across
a single data link.
Figure shows the two possible ways of linking four
pairs of devices.
In a multiplex system, n devices share the capacity of
one link. The four device on the left direct their
transmission stream to a multiplexer (MUX). Which
combines them into a single stream (many to one).
At the receiving end , that stream fed into a
demultiplexer (DEMUX).
The word path refer to the physical link. The word
channel refers to a portion of a path that carries a
transmission b/w a given pair of device.
Categories of multiplexing
Frequency –division -Multiplexing

FDM is an Analog technique that can be applied

when the bandwidth of link is greater than the
combined bandwidth of the signals to be
transmitted.
In FDM, signal generated by each device modulated
different carrier frequencies , modulated signal are
then combined into a single composite signal that
can be transported by the link.
The guard band…
Frequency –division -Multiplexing
FDM process

In the illustration , the bandwidth of the resulting

composite signal is more than three times the
bandwidth of each input signal.
Demultiplexing

The demultiplexer uses a series of filters to

decompose the multiplexed signal into its
constituent component signals
Wave –Division Multiplexing (WDM)

Wave Division Multiplexing is conceptually the same

as FDM , except that the multiplexing and
demultiplexing involve light signals transmitted
through fiber optics channels.
We are combining different signals of different
frequencies , the difference is that the frequencies
are very high.
Figure show the conceptual view of WDM.
Wave-Division Multiplexing (WDM)
One may wonder about the mechanism of a WDM.
Although the technology is very complex , the idea is
very simple .
Combining and splitting of light sources are easily
handle by the prism.
A multiplexer can be combine several input beams
of light , each containing a narrow band of
frequencies .
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

TDM is a digital process that can be applied when

the data rate capacity of the transmission medium is
greater than the data rate required by the sending
and receiving devices .
In such a case , multiple transmission can occupy a
single link by subdividing them and interleaving the
portion.
Figure give the conceptual view of TDM.
In TDM , portion of signal 1,2,3 and 4 occupy the
link sequentially , As an analogy, imagine a ski lift
that serve several runs.
Synchronous TDM

In synchronous TDM , the term synchronous has a

different meaning from that used in other area.
Means that the multiplexer allocates exactly the
same time slot to each device at all time.
For example , is assigned to device A alone and
cannot be used by any other device.
Each time its allocated time slot comes up, a device
has a opportunity to send a portion of its data. If a
device unable to transmits a data . Time slot remain .
Frames

Time slots are grouped into frames . Frame consists

of one complete cycle of time slots, including one or
more slots dedicated to each sending device.
Synchronous TDM can be compared to a very fast
rotating switch. The switch moves from device to
device at a constant rate and in a fixed order . This
process is called interleaving.
In other words the multiplexer can take one byte
from each device , than another byte from each
device , and so on.
Asynchronous TDM

As we saw in previous section , Synchronous TDM

does not guarantee that the full capacity of a link
used.
Imagine that we have multiplexed that the output of
20 identical computer s onto a single line, using
synchronous TDM.
Asynchronous TDM or statistical TDM is designed to
avoid this type of waste .
Asynchronous means something different in
multiplexing than it means in other area of
communications. Here it means flexible or not fixed.
Asynchronous TDM allows a number of lower-speed
input lines to be multiplexed to a single higher speed
line.
In an asynchronous system, if we have n input lines
,the frame contain no more than m slots, m<n, in this
way asynch; TDM supports the same number of input
lines as synchronous TDM with lower capacity link.
The number of time slots in an asynchronous TDM
frame (m) is based on a statistical analysis of the
number of input lines that are likely to be
transmitting at any given time , rather than being
preassigned.
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

One example of multiplexing , Demultiplexing and

modulation is a technology called the DSL family.
The DSL is never Technology that uses the existing
telecommunication networks such as local loop
telephone line.
The high speed delivery of data , voice ,video and
multimedia.
DSL is a family of technologies.
 1- ADSL.
 2- RDSL.
 3-HDSL.
 4- VDSL.
 5- SDSL
ADSL

Telephone companies have installed high –speed

digital wide area networks to handle communication
b/w their central offices.
The link b/w the user (subscriber) and the network ,
however is still an analog line (Local loop).
The challenges is to make these links digital – A
digital subscriber line, without changing existing
local loops.
Asymmetric digital subscriber Line(ADSL). A
communication technology in which the
downstream data rates is higher than the up stream
rate.
Which means it provide higher bit rates in the
downstream direction (from the telephone central
office to the subscriber site) than the up stream
direction.
ADSL divides the bandwidth of a twisted pair cable
(1MHZ) into three bands.
Modulation Techniques

Most implementation of ADSL originally used a

modulation technique called carrier less
amplitude/phase(CAP).
Later , another modulation technique ,known as
discrete multitone (DMT) was standardized by ANSI.
DMT (discrete multitone technique) combine QAM
and FDM.the available bandwidth for each direction
is divided into 4-khz channels , each having its own
frequency.
RADSL

The rate adaptive asymmetrical DSL(RADSL) A DSL

based technology that feature different data rates
depending on type of Communication.
Voice , data, multimedia, and so on. Differing rates
also be assigned to subscriber based on their demand
of the bandwidth.
HDSL (high bit rate DSL) .

SDSL( symmetric or single line) is the same as

HDSL but uses one single twisted –pair cable , A
technique called echo cancellation is employed to
create a full-duplex transmission.

VDSL (very high bit rate DSL) , an alternative

approach that is similar to ADSL uses FOC, Twisted
pair , for short range (300 t0 1800 m)