Faisal Akkawi

[email protected]
Department of Computer Science
Illinois Institute of Technology
Chicago, IL 60616

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 1
 Topics
 Handling Files and Directories
 Text Editors
 Compiling and Linking
 Handling Processes
 Archiving and Compressing Files
 Other Useful Commands

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 2
 Handling Files and Directories
 ls : list files
 cp : copy files
 mv : move files
 rm : remove files
 mkdir : make directories
 cd : change directories
 rmdir : remove directories
 pwd : print working directory
 chmod : change permission mode
 umask : set file-creation mode mask

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 3
 ls command
 Syntax
 ls [-Options] [name ...]

 Description
 Lists contents of directory.

 Frequently Used Options

 -a List all entries, including . and ..
 -d Do not list contents of directories
 -l Long listing
 -F Mark directories with a '/', etc.
 Examples
 ls -alF

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 4
 cp command
 Syntax
 cp [-Options] file1 [file2 ...] target

 Description
 File1 is copied to target.

 Frequently Used Options

 -f Force remove existing file
 -i Ask before removing existing file
 -r Copy directory trees
 Examples
 cp p1.c p2.c

 cp p1.c p2.c mydir

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 5
 mv command
 Syntax
 mv [-Options] file1 [file2 ...] target

 Description
 File1 is moved to target.

 Frequently Used Options

 -f Removes existing files without prompting the user

 -i Asks before removing existing file

 Examples
 mv p*.c mydir

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 6
 rm command
 Syntax
 rm [-f] [-i] file . . .

 rm -r [-f] [-i] dirname . . . [file . . .]

 Description
 Removes files or directories.

 Frequently Used Options

 -f Removal of files without prompting the user
 -i Interactive removal
 -r Recursive removal
 Examples
 rm -f p*.o

 rm -r mydir

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 7
 mkdir command
 Syntax
 mkdir [-m mode] [-p] dirname . . .

 Description
 Creates the specified directories.

 Options
 -m Specifies the mode to be used
 -p Create missing intermediate directories
 Examples
 mkdir -m 700 letter

 mkdir abc

 mkdir -p ./abc/def/ghi

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 8
 cd command
 Syntax
 cd [directory]

 Description
 Change working directory.

 If directory is not specified, the value of shell

parameter $HOME is used as the new working
directory.
 Examples
 cd

 cd ./abc/def/ghi

 cd ..

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 9
 rmdir command
 Syntax
 rmdir [-p] [-s] dirname . . .

 Description
 Removes directories.

 Options
 -p Remove the directory dirname and its parent
directories which become empty.
 -s Suppress the message when –p is in effect
 Examples
 rmdir letter

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 10
 pwd command
 Syntax
 pwd

 Description
 Prints the path name of the working (current) directory.

 Examples
 pwd

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 11
 chmod command
 Syntax
 chmod [-R] mode file ...

 chmod [-R] [ugoa]{+|-|=}[rwxXstl] file ...

 Description
 Changes the permissions mode of a file or directory.

 Examples
 chmod 444 file1

 chmod ugo+rw p*.c

 chmod 700 mydir

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 12
 umask command – I
 Syntax
 umask [ooo]

 Description
 Sets file-creation mode mask to ooo. The three octal

digits refer to read/write/execute permissions for

owner, group, and others, respectively.
 The value of each specified digit is subtracted from the

corresponding ‘digit’ specified by the system

for the creation of a file.
 If ooo is omitted, the current value of the mask is

printed.

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 13
 umask command – II
 Examples
 umask 022 removes group and others write permission

(files normally created with mode 777 become mode

755; files created with mode 666 become mode 644).

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 14
 Text Editors
 pico
- Simple, easy-to-use text editor
 vi
- Text editor based on an underlying line editor ex
 emacs
- Powerful and extensible
- Hard to learn

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 15
 pico
 Layout is very similar to the pine mailer

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 16
 vi
 vi Modes:
 Command mode : Normal and initial mode. Other

modes return to command mode upon completion.

ESC (escape) is used to cancel a partial command.
 Input mode : Entered by setting any of the following

options: a A i I o O c C s S R . Arbitrary text may then

be entered. Input mode is normally terminated with
ESC character.
 Last line mode : Reading input for : / ? or !.Terminates

by typing a carriage return

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 17
 Compiling and Linking
 cc
- C compiler
- Default behavior is ANSI/ISO C
 make
- Allows programmer to maintain, update, and
regenerate groups of computer programs.

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 18
 cc command – I
 Syntax
 cc [-Options] ... file ...

 Description
 *.c are assumed to be C source programs.

 *.o are compiled object files.

 a.out is the default output program name.

 Frequently Used Options

 -c Produce an object file
 -O Invoke optimizer

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 19
 cc command – II
 -o out Name the final output file out.
 -Dname Define the name to the C macro processor
 -Idir Seek dir for include files

 Examples
 cc p1.c

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 20
 make command
 Syntax
 make [-f makefile] [-eiknpqrsStuwdDPBNMOg] [names]
 Frequently Used Options
 -f makefile Description file is makefile

 -n Print commands, but do not execute them.

 -u Build all targets regardless of whether they are
up-to-date or not.
 Examples
 make

 make –f Project1.mak

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 21
 Handling Processes
 ps : Prints information about active processes
 kill : Sends a signal to a process
 ipcs : Reports IPC facilities status
 ipcrm : Removes IPC resource id

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 22
 ps command
 Syntax
 ps [-Options]

 Description
 Prints information about active processes.

 Frequently Used Options

 -A Every process now running
 -e Same as -A
 -f Full listing
 -l Long listing
 Examples
 ps -ef

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 23
 kill command
 Syntax
 kill [-signal] pid . . .

 kill –l (the letter ‘L’ in lowercase)

 Description
 Sends a signal to the specified processes.

 The value of signal may be numeric or symbolic.

 Signal 15 is the default signal.

 kill –l lists the defined signals.

 Examples
 kill 389

 kill –3 401 402

 kill -HUP 99999

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 24
 ipcs command
 Syntax
 ipcs [-Options]

 Description
 Prints information about active IPC facilities.

 Without options, information is printed for message queues,

shared memory, and semaphores that are currently active in

the system.
 Frequently Used Options
 -q Message queues
 -m Shared memory segments
 -s Semaphores
 Examples
 ipcs -q

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 25
 ipcrm command
 Syntax
 ipcrm [-Options]

 Description
 Removes messages, semaphore or shared memory

identifiers.
 Frequently Used Options
 -q msqid Removes the message queue id

 -m shmid Removes the shared memory segment id

 -s semid Removes the semaphore id

 Examples
 ipcrm -q 231

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 26
 Archiving and Compressing
 tar : Tape archiver
 compress, uncompress, zcat : Compresses and
expands data using adaptive Lempel-Ziv coding
 gzip : Compresses data using Lempel-Ziv coding
 gunzip, gzcat : Decompresses files created by gzip,
zip, compress, or pack
 pack, unpack, pcat : Compresses and expands files
using Huffman codes

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 27
 tar command - I
 Syntax
 tar key [arguments] [name...]
 Description
 Saves and restores multiple files on a single file.

 The key argument controls tar's actions.

 Frequently Used Functions

 c Create
 x Extract from the tape
 t List files on the tape

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 28
 tar command - II
 Frequently Used Modifiers
 v Verbose
 f Next argument is the name of the archive

 Examples
 tar cvf my.tar ./mydir1 ./mydir2

 tar tvf my.tar

 tar xvf my.tar

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 29
 compress command
 Syntax
 compress [ -f ] [ -v ] [ -c ] [ -V ] [ -d ] [ -b bits ] [ name ... ]
 Description
 Compresses and expands data

 Compressed file name is *.Z

 Frequently Used Options

 -c Write output on standard output
 -d Uncompress
 -v Verbose
 Examples
 compress my.tar

 compress -d my.tar.Z

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 30
 uncompress command
 Syntax
 uncompress [ -f ] [ -v ] [ -c ] [ -V ] [ name ... ]

 Description
 Uncompresses files

 Same as compress –d
 Frequently Used Options
 -c Write output on standard output
 -v Verbose
 Examples
 uncompress my.tar.Z

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 31
 zcat command
 Syntax
 zcat [ name . . . ]

 Description
 Uncompresses files

 Same as uncompress –c
 Writes the uncompressed data on standard output

 Examples
 zcat my.tar.Z > my.tar

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 32
 gzip command
 Syntax
 gzip [ -acdfhlLnNrtvV19 ] [-S suffix] [ name . . . ]

 Description
 Compresses and expands data

 Suffix .gz

 Frequently Used Options

 -c Write output on standard output
 -d Uncompress
 -h Help
 -r Recursive
 -v Verbose
(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 33
 gunzip command
 Syntax
 gunzip [ -acfhlLnNrtvV ] [-S suffix] [ name ... ]

 Description
 Uncompresses files (Same as gzip –d )
 Automatically detects input format

 Frequently Used Options

 -c Write output on standard output
 -h Help
 -r Recursive
 -v Verbose

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 34
 gzcat command
 Syntax
 gzcat [ -fhLV ] [ name . . . ]

 Description
 Uncompresses files (Same as gunzip –c)
 Writes the uncompressed data on standard output

 Examples
 gzcat myfile.gz > myfile

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 35
 pack command
 Syntax
 pack [ - ] [ -f ] name . . .

 Description
 Compresses files

 Suffix .z

 Directories cannot be compressed

 Options
 -f Force packing
 Examples
 pack myfile

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 36
 unpack command
 Syntax
 unpack name . . .

 Description
 Expands files created by pack

 Each .z files is replaced by its expanded version

 The new file has the .z suffix stripped from its name

 Examples
 unpack myfile.z

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 37
 pcat command
 Syntax
 pcat name . . .
 Description
 Uncompresses files created by pack

 Files are unpacked and written to the standard output

 Examples
 pcat myfile.z

 pcat myfile

 pcat myfile.z > myfile

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 38
 Other Useful Commands
 grep : search files for a pattern
 man : on-line reference manuals
 wc : word, line and byte or character count

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 39
 grep command - I
 Syntax
 grep [-E| -F] [-c| -l| -q] [-insvx] pattern_list [file . . .]
 Description
 Searches the input files, selecting lines matching one or

more patterns
 Frequently Used Options
 -i Case-insensitive search
 -l Write file names only
 -n Display line number

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 40
 grep command - II
 Examples
 grep -i unix p1.c
 grep -n UNIX *.c *.h

 ps –ef | grep mary

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 41
 man command
 Syntax
 man [-Options] [-M path] [-T macropackage] [ -s section] name ...
 man [-M path] -k keyword ...
 Description
 On-line reference manuals

 Frequently Used Sections

 1 User commands and application programs
 2 System calls
 3 Library functions
 Examples
 man -s 1 mkdir
 man mkdir
 man -k pipe

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 42
 wc command
 Syntax
 wc [ -c|-m ] [ -lw ] [ file . . . ]

 Description
 Counts lines, words, and characters

 Options
 -c Count the number of bytes
 -m Count the number of characters
 -l Count the number of newline characters
 -w Count the number of words
 Examples
 wc -l *.h *.c

(c) Faisal Akkawi & Munki Lee 2001 Basic UNIX Commands 43