DOUBLE SIDE BAND – SUPPRESSED CARRIER(DSB-SC)

AND
SINGLE SIDE BAND
Classification of Amplitude Modulation
Nonlinear
AM DSB-FC
Amplitude
Modulatio DSB-SC
n
Linear AM SSB

VSB
 Disadvantage of DSB-FC
 AM(DSB-FC) wave has three components
 Carrier
 Upper Side Band(USB) and
 Lower Side Band (LSB)
 The carrier signal in the DSB-FC system does not convey any information.
 The information contained in the two sidebands only. But the sidebands are
images of each other and hence both of them contain the same information.
Transmitting the whole thing cause power wastage and bandwidth also.
 To overcome these limitations, some modifications are made in amplitude
modulation.
DOUBLE SIDE BAND
SUPPRESSED CARRIER
 Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier
 In DSB-SC, the modulated wave consists of only upper and lower
sidebands.
 Transmitted power is saved here through the suppression of the
carrier wave because it does not contain any useful information, but
the channel bandwidth required is the same as DSB-FC.
DSB-SC(AM)
Message
Product
Signal Modulator

Carrier Signal
Mathematical Representation of DSB-SC-
AM
   Modulating Signal

Carrier Signal

When Multiplying both carrier and message signal, The resultant signal is the DSB-SC AM
Signal

In this case the product of produces the DSB-SC AM signal thus, we require product
modulator to generate DSB SC signals
   -- (1)
-(2)

Compare to this equation 1 and 2 Carrier term is missing in equation 1.

There fore DSBSC signal contain only upper and lower side band
Time Domain Representation of DSB-SC

Phase Reversal
 Frequency Spectrum and Transmission Bandwidth

  
Carrier frequency term is suppressed. It contains only two side
bands term having the frequency of and
Phasor Diagram of DSB-SC-AM

Resultant
LSB
USB
 Power in DSB-SC
  The total power transmitted in DSB-FC

 If the carrier is suppressed, then the total power transmitted in DSB-

SC –AM is
 Power Saving in DSB-SC
  
The Percentage of Power Saving in DSB-SC

The
   Percentage of Power saving =
 If modulation index m =1 for 100% modulation. Then, the power

saving is

 In DSB-SC from the total power only 66.7% of power is used

for transmission due to the suppression of the carrier wave.
 Single-Sideband Generation
(Double Balanced Modulator or Ring Modulator)
 Balanced Modulator

Forward Bias Reverse Bias

Balanced Modulator Waveforms
 Advantage and Disadvantage
 Advantage
 DSB-SC is more efficient use of transmitted power (66.7%) as compared
to AM.
 DSB-SC has better signal to noise ratio as compared to single side band
(SSB) transmission
 Disadvantage
 Even though the carrier is suppressed the bandwidth of DSB-SC remains
same as AM.
SINGLE-SIDEBAND (SSB)
Single-Sideband (SSB) Communication System

 2 main disadvantages of the conventional AM DSBFC

 Carrier power constitutes 2/3 or more of the total transmitted power – no
information in the carrier.
 Utilize twice as much bandwidth – both the upper and lower sideband actually
contains same information (redundant).
AM Single-Sideband Full Carrier (SSBFC)
 The carrier is transmitted at full power but only one sideband is transmitted

 Requires half the bandwidth of DSBFC AM

 SSBFC requires less total power but utilizes a smaller percentage of the power to carry the information
AM Single-Sideband Full Carrier (SSBFC)
 The output modulated signal

 As SSB only has one sideband, the peak change in the envelope is only half of what it is with DSBFC
 Therefore, the demodulated wave has only half the amplitude of the DSB modulated wave
AM SINGLE-SIDEBAND
SUPPRESSED CARRIER (SSBSC)
Introduction

 In DSB-SC signal the information is transmitted twice, once in each sideband.

The sidebands are the sum and difference of the carrier and modulating signals.
 One side band is enough for transmission as well as recovering the useful
information; therefore, the other sideband in AM wave may be suppressed along
with carrier. Thus the desired sideband is called as single side band suppressed
carrier (SSB-SC or SSB) Signal.
 The power saving is increased and Bandwidth also effectively utilize.
 Generation of SSB Signal

 
°  𝑉 1 (𝑡 )

𝜃=90 AM
AF or
Message
𝑉 𝑆𝑆𝐵 − 𝑆𝐶 (𝑡 )
 
 
°
𝜃=90
Signal RF or

𝑉
  𝑚 (𝑡 )
Carrier
Signal
∑
 𝑉 𝑐 (𝑡 )

AM  𝑉 2 (𝑡 )
   Modulating Signal

Carrier Signal

]
  
]

We Know that SinASinB+CosACosB= Cos(A-B)/2

Hence --- (1)

--- (2)

Compare equation 1 and 2 one of the side band is suppressed. Hence

this scheme is called SSB-SC AM.
 Frequency Spectrum and Transmission Bandwidth

  
Carrier frequency term is suppressed. It contains only one side band
term having the frequency of
Phasor Diagram of SSB-SC-AM
 Power in SSB-SC
  The total power transmitted in DSB-FC

 If the carrier is suppressed, then the total power transmitted in SSB-

SC –AM is
 Power Saving in DSB-SC
  
The Percentage of Power Saving in DSB-SC

The
   Percentage of Power saving =
 If modulation index m =1 for 100% modulation. Then, the power

saving is

 In SSB-SC from the total power only 83.33% of power is

used for transmission due to the suppression of the carrier
wave and Sideband signal.
 AM Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC)

 The carrier is totally suppressed and one sideband is removed

 Requires half the bandwidth of DSBFC AM

 Sideband power makes up 100% of the total transmitted power

 The wave is not an envelope but a sine wave at frequency equal to the carrier frequency ±modulating frequency
(depending on which sideband is transmitted)
SSB TRANSMISSION
 SSB Transmission
 Transmitters used for SSB suppressed and reduced carrier transmission are
identical except that the re-inserted carrier transmitters have an additional circuits
that adds a low amplitude carrier to the single sideband waveform after
suppressed-carrier modulation has been performed and one of the sideband has
been removed.
 The re-inserted carrier is called a pilot carrier.
 The circuit where the pilot carrier is re-inserted is called a linear summer.
 2 transmitter configurations are commonly used for single sideband generation :
 Filter method
 Phase shift method
 Filter Method
 Block diagram for a SSB transmitter using balanced modulators to suppressed the unwanted carrier and filters to
suppress the unwanted sideband.
 The low frequency IF is converted to the final operating frequency band through a series of frequency translation

 3-stages of frequency up-conversion

 modulating signal is an audio spectrum that extends from 0 kHz ~ 5 kHz
 Filter Method(Cont…)

 Modulating signal mixes with a low frequency (LF) 100 kHz carrier in the balanced modulator 1 to produced a DSB
frequency spectrum centered at the suppressed 100 kHz carrier.
 Bandpass filter 1 (BPF 1) that is tuned to a 5 kHz bandwidth centered at 102.5 kHz used to eliminate the lower
sideband and pass only the upper sideband.
 The pilot carrier or reduced amplitude carrier is added to the single-sided waveform in the carrier re-insertion stage
(summer).
 The summer is a simple adder circuit that combines the 100 kHz pilot carrier with the 100 kHz ~ 105 kHz upper
sideband frequency spectrum.
 Filter Method(Cont…)
 Output of the summer is the SSBRC waveform. the SSBRC waveform is mixed in the balanced modulator
2 with a 2 MHz medium frequency (MF) carrier.
 Output is a DSB suppressed carrier signal in which the upper and lower sidebands each contain the
original SSBRC frequency spectrum.
 Upper and lower sidebands are separated by a 200 kHz frequency band that is void of information.
 Filter Method(Cont…)
 The lower sideband then is filtered (cut) through the BPF 2 (5 kHz bandwidth centered at 2.1025 MHz.
 The output from BPF 2 is once again a single sideband reduced carrier waveform with a reduced 2.1 MHz
carrier and a 5 kHz wide upper sideband.
 Then the SSBRC waveform from BPF 2 is mixed in the balanced modulator 3 with the 20 MHz high
frequency carrier (HF), producing a double sideband suppressed carrier signal in which the upper and
lower sidebands each contain the original SSBRC frequency spectrum.
 upper and lower sidebands are separated by a 4.2 MHz frequency band that is void of information.
 Filter Method(Cont…)
 The lower sideband then is filtered (cut) through the BPF 3 (5 kHz bandwidth centered at 22.1025 MHz.
 The output from BPF 3 is once again a single sideband reduced carrier waveform with a reduced 22.1
MHz RF carrier and a 5 kHz wide upper sideband.
 Conclusion
 The original modulating signal frequency spectrum was up-converted in 3 modulation steps to a final
carrier frequency of 22.1 MHz and a single upper sideband that extended from the carrier (22.1 MHz) to
22.105 MHz.
 After each up-conversion (frequency translation), the desired sideband is separated from the double
sideband spectrum with a bandpass filter (BPF).
 Filter Method(Cont…)
 Why not using single heterodyning process (1 balanced modulator, 1 bandpass filter & single HF carrier) ?
 Block diagram of a single conversion SSBSC transmitter :

 The output of the balance modulator is a DSB spectrum centered around a suppressed carrier frequency of 22.1
MHz.
 Filter Method(Cont…)
 To separate the 5 kHz upper sideband from the composite spectrum, a bandpass filter with extremely high
Q is required. fc
Q
B
 For fixed modulating bandwidth, the filter Q increase rapidly with the centre frequency.
 The difficulty with this method : the filter with high Q is difficult to construct and not economic.
 Multichannel transmission the single heterodyning process is difficult, because of tuning in bandpass filter
design is complex in MHz range
 Phase Shift Method
 With phase-shift method, the undesired sideband is cancelled in the output of the modulator.
 Block diagram of a SSB transmitter using phase-shift method :

 Use 2 separate DSB modulators (balanced modulator 1 & 2).

 Modulating signal and carrier are applied directly to one of the modulators, then both are shifted 90º and applied
to the second modulator.
 The outputs from the two balanced modulators are DSBSC signals with the proper phase (when they are
combined in a linear summer, the upper sideband is cancelled).
 Phase Shift Method(Cont…)
 Mathematical analysis of the phase-shift transmitter :
 modulating signal (sin wmt) is fed directly to balanced modulator 1 and shifted 90º (cos w mt) and fed to balanced
modulator 2.
 carrier signal (sin wct) is also fed directly to balanced modulator 2 and shifted 90º (cos w ct) and fed to balanced modulator
2
 the outputs of the balanced modulators are expressed as
Output of balanced modulator
 (sin 1: mt )(sin ct )
1 1
 cos(c  m )t  cos c  m  t
(1) 2 2

Output of balanced modulator 2 :

 (cos mt )(cos ct )
1 1
 cos(c  m )t  cos c  m  t
(2) 2 2
 Phase Shift Method(Cont…)
 the final output from the linear summer :

1 1 1 1
cos c  m  t  cos c  m  t  cos c  m  t  cos c  m  t
2 2 2 2

 cos c  m  t
(3)

which is the lower sideband of the AM wave.

SSB RECEIVERS
 SSB BFO Receiver
 Block diagram for a simple noncoherent SSB BFO receiver :

 In a receiver, the input signal (suppressed or reduced carrier and one sideband) is amplified and then
mixed with the RF local oscillator frequency to produce intermediate frequency.
 The output from the RF mixer is then goes through further amplification and band reduction prior to
second mixer.
 The output from the IF amplifier stage is then mixed (heterodyned) with beat frequency oscillator (BFO)
frequency.
 SSB BFO Receiver
 BFO frequency is equal to the IF carrier frequency. Thus the difference between the
IF and the BFO frequency is the information signal.
i.e. the output from the IF mixer is the sum and difference frequencies between the IF
and the beat frequency. The difference frequency band is the original input
information.
 The receiver is classified as noncoherent because the RF oscillator and the BFO
signals are not synchronized to each other and to the oscillators in the transmitter.
 Consequently, any difference between the transmitter and receiver local oscillator
frequencies produces a frequency offset error in the demodulated information signal.
 the RF mixer and IF mixer are product detectors. A product detector and balanced
(product) modulator are essentially the same circuit.
 Coherent SSB BFO Receiver
 Block diagram for a coherent SSB BFO receiver :

 This type of receiver is identical to the previous noncoherent type, except that the LO and BFO
frequencies are synchronized to the carrier oscillators in the transmitter.
 the carrier recovery circuit is a narrowband PLL that tracks the pilot carrier in the SSBRC signal.
 the recovered carrier is then used to generate coherent local oscillator frequencies (RF LO frequency & BFO
frequency) in the synthesizer.
 Coherent SSB BFO Receiver
 Any minor changes in the carrier frequency in the transmitter are compensated in the receiver, and the
problem of frequency offset error is eliminated.
 COMPARISON OF SINGLE-
SIDEBAND TRANSMISSION TO
CONVENTIONAL AM
 SSB Advantages : Power Conservation
 With SSB, only one sideband is transmitted and the carrier is
either suppressed or reduced significantly
 Eliminating the carrier would increase the power available

for the sidebands by at least a factor of 3, providing

approximately a 4.8 dB improvement in the signal-to-noise
ratio
SSB Advantages : Bandwidth Conservation
 50% reduction in bandwidth for a SSB compared to DSB
equal to an improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio of 3 dB
 By combining the bandwidth improvement and the power

advantage of removing the carrier, the overall improvement

in the signal-to-noise ratio using SSBSC is approximately 7.8
dB better that DSBFC
 SSB Advantages : Selective Fading
 With DSB, the carrier and two sidebands may propagate through the channel by different paths
and experience different transmission impairment called as selective fading.
 3 types of selective fading :
 Sideband fading : one sideband is significantly attenuated resulting in a reduced signal amplitude at the
output of the receiver and causing some distortion but not detrimental to the signal because the 2
sidebands contain the same information.
 Carrier fading : reduction of the carrier level of a 100% modulated wave will make the carrier voltage
less than the sum voltage of the sidebands.
 Carrier or sideband phase shift : as the position change, a change in the shape of the envelope will
occur, causing severely distorted demodulated signal.
 SSB Advantages : Noise Reduction
 As SSB only utilizes half as much bandwidth as conventional
AM, the thermal noise power is reduced to half that of a DSB
system
 Considering both the bandwidth reduction and the immunity

to the selective fading, SSB system has an approximately a

12 dB S/N ratio advantage over DSB system
 SSB Disadvantages
 Complex receivers
 SSB requires more complex and expensive receivers than DSB.
 As SSB includes either a reduced or a suppressed carrier, envelope

detection cannot be used. SSB requires a carrier recovery and

synchronization circuit, which adds to their cost, complexity and
size.
 Tuning difficulties
 SSB receivers require more complex and precise tuning than the

DSB receivers.