Lecture

Instructor: Engr. Syed Ashraf Ali

 AutoCAD
 AutoCAD is a CAD (Computer Aided Design or Computer

Aided Drafting) software application for 2D and 3D design

and drafting
 Tools of CAD
 Computer
 Software
 These components together make up a system referred to
as CAD
 Users of CAD
 CAD is used by;
 Drafters
 Designers
 Engineers
 Architects
 They develop designs, drawings and plot them on paper
 CAD Power
 CAD is extremely powerful
 Because of its speed, power, accuracy and flexibility, it has
surpassed manual drafting
 CAD Limitations
 CAD does have limitations;
 CAD files are only electrical impulses
 Computers cause repetitive strain injury
 Applications of AutoCAD
 X,Y,Z Coordinate System;
 Drawings are constructed using the Cartesian coordinate
system X-Y-Z
 Origin = (0,0)
 Rectangular coordinates
• X = horizontal

• Y = vertical

• Z = third dimension

• Distance measure horizontally is an X value

• Distance measured vertically is a Y value

• Add the Z, creates 3D drawing

 Starting AutoCAD
 AutoCAD environment;
 Drop-down menus
 Standard toolbar
 Specific toolbars
 The graphic area
 View tabs
 The command area
 The status area
 Drawing Area
 The large area in the center of the screen
 This is where you draw
 The size can be changed at any time
 Screen Layout
 Items are floating, they can be freely moved about on the
screen
 When an item is floating, it has the standard Windows
border and title bar
 Floating windows can be moved and adjusted for size like
other windows
 Screen Layout
 Menu bars;
 Appears just below the title bar and displays a number of
menu names.
 Scroll bars;
 Allow you to adjust your view of the drawing area
 Horizontal scroll bars
 Vertical scroll bars
 Screen Layout

 Status bar;
 Contains several display fields that reflect the current state
of specific drawing control features.
 When a menu item is highlighted, a brief explanation of the
item is shown on status bar.
 Coordinate display;
 Shows the x, y, z cursor location according to the current
setting.
 Screen Layout
 Standard toolbar;
 When you move the pointing device to the toolbar, the
crosshairs change to the Windows arrow pointer.
 Holding the pointer over a button for a moment displays
ToolTips which show the function of the buttons.
 Special Function Keys
 ESC;
 Cancels the current command, menu, or dialog box
 ENTER;
 Ends a command; or will repeat the previous command
if the command line is blank
 SPACE BAR;
 Same as the end key except when entering text
Select Template Dialog-Box
 Appears After
the New File
Command
 A Template is a
Standard format
 For Now
Suggest Using
the acad.dwt
Template
 Click Open to
Start the New
Drawing
 Start a NEW Drawing
Start a New Drawing by One of;  Using the “QNew”
Menus: File (QuickNew) Tool

 Type “new” in the

Command Line
 CrossHairs/ Cursor
 The movement is controlled by the movement of the pointing
device (mouse)
 Use to locate points, make selections and draw objects
 Name & Save Drawing
 Opening a NEW Drawing  Naming AutoCAD Files
Results in a Default Name  NOT Case Sensitive
of DrawingN.dwg
 Any Combination of
Letters and Numbers
• Also Allowed = $, -, _
 Not Allowed = \, /, %, *

 Use File → Save or The

Save-Tool to Give the
Dwg a new Name
 AutoCAD Drawing Units
 ACAD Has Five Unit-
Systems
 Each has Five
Formatting Parameters
 To Adjust the Unit System
Use the PullDown Menu
 Format → Units...
 Format Units
 The Drawing Units Dialog Box;
 Command Line
 The three lines at the bottom of the screen
 This is where you enter commands and AutoCAD will
prompt you to input information
 Status Bar
 Displays your content settings
 The settings can be turned on/off by clicking on the word
(OSNAP, polar, ORTHO, etc) or by pressing the function
keys associated with each
 AutoCAD
 Lines are drawn from point to point
 We must have a method for determining the location of the
points
 There are three main methods for determining the location of
line endpoints;
 Absolute Coordinates
 Relative Coordinates
 Polar Coordinates
 Absolute Coordinates
 Absolute coordinates are based on the origin (0,0)
expressed as an ordered pair x,y
 All other points are also expressed in the form x,y and the
values of x and y are based on the distance from the origin
 If we desire to draw a line, we must give the location of
both points, expressed as an ordered pair x,y where the
origin is used as a reference point.
 Relative Coordinates
 Relative coordinates are not based on the origin (0,0)
 Instead, we use the @ symbol followed by an ordered pair x,y.
This means “starting where we are at, go over x and up y
 If we desire to draw a line using relative coordinates, we must
give the location of the first point (usually using Absolute
coordinates), followed by @x,y for the second point
 Polar Coordinates
 Polar coordinates are not based on the origin (0,0)
 Instead, we use the @ symbol followed by an ordered pair
r<Q. This means “starting where we are AT, go a distance r at
an angle of Q degrees. The ‘less than’ sign (<) is used to
represent the word ‘angle’
 If we desire to draw a line using polar coordinates, we must
give the location of the first point (usually using Absolute
coordinates), followed by @r<Q for the second point
 Command ALIASES
 A command alias is an abbreviation that you enter on the
command line instead of entire command name.
 For example ,you can enter L instead of line to start the LINE
command. An alias is not the same as a keyboard shortcut,
which is a combination of keystrokes, such as CTRL+S for
SAVE.
 TEXT WINDOW
 The text window shows the history of the commands used
 CROSS & BOX WINDOW

 You can select objects by specifying opposite corners to define

a rectangular area
 After specifying the first corner point, you can Drag your
cursor from left to right to create an enclosing window(Box
window) selection. Only objects that the rectangular window
entirely encloses are selected
 Drag your cursor from right to left to create a crossing
selection. Objects that the rectangular window encloses or
crosses are selected
 DRAW TOOLBAR
Line creates single straight line segments;
Choose Draw, Line
or
Click the Line icon
or
Command area: LINE or L
Press ENTER
 Polyline
 A polyline is a connected sequence of line segments created as

a single object
 You can create straight line segments, arc segments or a
combination of the two
 DRAW TOOLBAR

Rectangle
 Circle
Arc Command
 Modify Draw Toolbar
The modify tools (from left to right);
Erase Rotate Break at
Scale point
Copy Stretch  Break
Mirror Lengthen Chamfer
Offset Trim Fillet
Array Extend Explode
Move
 Erase
 Select this button then a drawing element to erase it
permanently from the drawing

Copy
 The copy command will copy any selected drawing elements
and reposition where specified by the user, without affecting the
original elements.
 Mirror
 The mirror command will create a mirror image of any selected
drawing elements along any line of symmetry specified by the
user
 Offset
 Offset will make a copy of a line or series of selected lines by
a specified distance in the direction specified
 Array
 The array command quickly creates copies of a selected
object(s) to a specified spacing
Rectangular Array
Rectangular Array
Polar Array
Polar Array
 Move
 The move command works exactly the same as the copy
command described above, except instead of creating a copy
of the selected objects, the second objects are moved

Rotate
 The rotate command rotates any selected objects about a
defined point by the angle specified
 Scale
 The scale command scales the size of a selected object(s) by a
defined scale factor from a selected base point. The selected
objects can be scaled up to increase size or down to reduce the
size
 Trim
 The trim command is an extremely useful tool which will
erase all parts of an object beyond or within its intersection
with another object
 Extend
 The extend command is similar to the trim command in how
it functions, except it extends a selected line to a point of
intersection of another selected object
 Break at Point
 The break at point command enables the user to break an
object at a specific point, creating two separate objects
 Break
 The break command is identical to the break at point
command, except the break line isn't as neat as break at point

The break command is identical to the

break at point command, except the
break line isn't as neat as break at point
command is identical to the break at point
command, except the break line isn't as neat as
break at point.
 Chamfer
 The chamfer command will chamfer the intersection of two
lines to a specified distance
 Fillet
 The fillet command is very similar to the chamfer command
above, except instead of creating a straight line chamfer,
AutoCAD creates a radius between the two points
 Explode
 The explode command is very straight forward. It simply
breaks down an object down to its basic line entities
 Transparent Commands
 The commands which can be used while other commands are
activated are known as Transparent commands e.g. pan, zoom
etc…
 ZOOM
 AutoCAD's zoom command toolbar;
 ZOOM

 Zoom changes the apparent size of the drawing so you can see
the entire drawing more easily or very fine details with ease.
The key word here is apparent size. Much like a magnifying
glass makes objects appear larger, it doesn't actually change
the size of the object. The same is true of the Zoom command.
It will draw objects larger or smaller on the screen so you can
see various parts and aspects of your drawing more clearly, but
does not change the size of any objects
 ZOOM
 You will need to zoom in and out while drawing with AutoCAD
 This doesnt change your objects or UCS, only the way you see your
working space
 This can be done in many ways;
 Scroll bars
 Typing z or zoom in your command window
• All
• Center
• Dynamic
• Extents
• Previous
• Scale
• Window
 ZOOM All
 This option causes AutoCAD to display the full drawing in the

present viewport

ZOOM Center
 This is used to show a window defined by a center point and a
magnification value or height
 A lesser value for the height enlarges the magnification
 A bigger value reduces the magnification.
 ZOOM Dynamic
 It is used to show the generated portion of the drawing with a
view box
 The view box represents our viewport which can be reduce in
size or enlarge and move around the drawing
 Positioning and sizing the view box pans or zooms to fill the
viewport with the image inside the view box

ZOOM Extents
It is used to show the drawing extents and results in the largest
possible display of all the objects
 Zoom Previous

This option restores the displayed view prior to the current one
For the purpose of this option, up to 10 views are saved so that

the last ten views can be recalled

 Zoom Scale
 Zooms the display at a specified scale factor
 Enter a value followed be X to a specify the scale relative to the current
view
 For example, entering 0.5X causes each object to be displayed at half
of its current size on the screen
 Enter a value followed by XP to specify the scale relative to paper
space units
 For example, entering 0.5XP displays model space at half the scale of
paper space units
 You can create a layout with each viewport displaying objects at a
different scale
 Enter a value to specify the scale relative to the limits of the drawing
 For example, entering 2 display objects at twice the size they would
appear if you were zoomed to the limits of the drawing
 Zoom Window
Zooms to display an area specified by two opposite corners of
a rectangular window

Zoom Real-time
 Using the pointing device, zooms interactively to a logical
extent
 The cursor changes to a magnifying glass with plus(+) and
minus(-) signs
 Hold your mouse left button and move vertically to zoom in
and move downward to zoom out
 Aerial View
Aerial View is a zooming tool that displays a view of the
drawing in a separate window so that you can quickly move to
that area
If you keep the Aerial View window open as you work, you can
zoom and pan without choosing a menu option or entering a
command
You can change the view by creating a new view box in the
Aerial View window
 Aerial View

To zoom in to the drawing, make the view box smaller by left
clicking a rectangle
To zoom out of the drawing, make the view box larger
As you zoom in or out of the drawing, a real-time view of the
current zoom location is displayed in the graphics area
The screenshot shows how the view box looks
Right click in the box and you can move the box to where you
want to zoom to
 Pan
 Pan Button;
 Pan allows you to quickly move around the drawing
area at the same magnification you currently have set
Type PAN (or P) <ENTER> and a hand will appear
on the screen
 Click and hold to move around your drawing
 Zoom real time and Pan
 While holding the mouse button, pull the mouse to the left,
right, up or down
 Notice how the pan tool reflects these mouse movements on
screen so we can move around the screen effortlessly
 Function Keys
 [F1] - Help
 [F2] - Flip screen from graphics to text toggle
 [F3] - displays Osnap Settings dialog box
 [F4] - Tablet mode toggle
 [F5] - Isoplane left, right, top
 [F6] - Coordinate display
 [F7] - Grid mode toggle
 [F8] - Ortho mode toggle
 [F9] - Snap mode toggle
 [F10] - Polar mode toggle
 Keys
 Ctrl B - Snap mode (toggle)
 Ctrl C - Copy
 Ctrl D - coordinate display on/off toggle
 Ctrl E - crosshairs in isoplane toggle (left/right/top)
 Ctrl G - Grid on/off toggle
 Ctrl H - same as backspace
 Ctrl L - Ortho mode toggle
 Ctrl O - Open
 Ctrl P - Print (Plot)
 Keys
 Ctrl R - toggle viewport
 Ctrl S - Save
 Ctrl T - Tablet mode toggle
 Ctrl V - Paste
 Ctrl X - Cut
 Ctrl Y - Redo
 Ctrl Z - Undo
 Provides detailed information on using Windows help

system
 To open a topic, simply double-click on the topic name

or the book icon that precedes it

 OSNAP
 Osnap (Object Snap) settings make it easier to select a 2d
object’s points;
 Endpoint
 Midpoint
 Perpendicular
 Center
 İntersection
 Osnap will be active when
AutoCAD is expecting you to
pick a point on the working area
 Type osnap on your command area
 Hatching
 Hatching is used to add shaded patterns to objects and shapes
within an Autocad drawing
 Hatch patterns can be used to indicate a material to be used,
such as a concrete hatch
 Alternatively it could be used to make an area of a drawing
stand out