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Adaptive Array Antenna: BY: ANURAG SRIVASTAVA (07307306) SANJEEV GUPTA (07307408)

This document provides an overview of adaptive array antennas. It discusses the evolution from sectorized systems to diversity systems. It describes switched beam antennas which have fixed beams and adaptive array antennas which can update their beam patterns using signal processing algorithms. Adaptive arrays can distinguish desired signals from interference and multipaths. Implementation methods including phased arrays and parasitic arrays are also covered. The document concludes by discussing applications and the role of adaptive arrays in wireless communications.

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Anirudh Ggp
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83 views

Adaptive Array Antenna: BY: ANURAG SRIVASTAVA (07307306) SANJEEV GUPTA (07307408)

This document provides an overview of adaptive array antennas. It discusses the evolution from sectorized systems to diversity systems. It describes switched beam antennas which have fixed beams and adaptive array antennas which can update their beam patterns using signal processing algorithms. Adaptive arrays can distinguish desired signals from interference and multipaths. Implementation methods including phased arrays and parasitic arrays are also covered. The document concludes by discussing applications and the role of adaptive arrays in wireless communications.

Uploaded by

Anirudh Ggp
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

ADAPTIVE ARRAY ANTENNA

BY:
ANURAG SRIVASTAVA (07307306)
SANJEEV GUPTA (07307408)
POTLI BABA KI !

 Introduction.
 Evolution.
 Categorization.
 Switched Beam Antenna.
 Adaptive Array Systems.
 Algorithm.
 Types.
 Market Scenario.
 Conclusion.
INTRODUCTION

 The theory behind intelligent antennas is not new,


similar techniques were already used in military
radar and satellite tracking systems.
 Cost barrier was hindrance.
 In the last couple of years the field of smart
antenna technology is rapidly becoming one of the
most promising areas of mobile communications,
especially with development in DSPs and
innovative algorithms.
 How can an antenna be made more intelligent?

 Instead of having one element have many!

 The antenna can become an antenna system that can be


designed to shift signals before transmission at each of the
successive elements so that the antenna has a composite effect.
EVOLUTION

 Antenna developed in the following order of increasing


benefits and intelligence.

 Sectorised systems.

 Diversity systems.
EVOLUTION

 Sectorized Systems:

 Sectorized antenna systems take a traditional cellular area and subdivide


it into sectors that are covered using directional antennas looking out
from the same base station location.
 Each sector is treated as a different cell, the range of which is greater
than in the omni directional case.
 Sector antennas increase the possible reuse of a frequency channel by
reducing potential interference inside the original cell.
EVOLUTION

Fig 1. Sectorized Antenna and Coverage Patterns


EVOLUTION

 Diversity Systems

 The diversity system incorporates two or more antenna elements at the


base station.

 Use correlation networks.

 Thus their slight physical separation (or space diversity) is used to


improve reception by counteracting the negative effects of multi path
reception.
EVOLUTION

 Diversity offers an improvement in the effective strength of


the received signal by using one of the following two methods:
 Switched diversity:
 At least one antenna will be in a favorable location at a given moment
 The system continually switches between antennas so as always to use
the element with the largest output. While reducing the negative effects
of signal fading
 They do not increase gain since only one antenna is used at a time.
 Diversity combining:
 This approach corrects the phase error in two multi path signals and
 Effectively combines the power of both signals to produce gain..
SYSTEM CATEGORIZATION

 Smart array systems are broadly categorized as :

 Switched Beam systems.

 Adaptive Array systems.


SWITCHED BEAM SYSTEM

 A switched-beam antenna system consists of


several highly directive, fixed, pre-defined beams.
 Beams are formed to have high sensitivity in
particular fixed directions or sectors.
 Antenna systems detect signal strength, choose
from one of several predetermined, fixed beams,
and switch from one beam to another as the user
moves throughout the sector.
SWITCHED BEAM SYSTEM

top view(horizontal)

5 4
6 3
7 2
interference
8 1

9 16 user

10 15
11 14
12 13

Switched Array (predetermined)


SWITCHED BEAM: LIMITATIONS

 Incapacity for providing protection from multi-path


components arriving near the desired signal. i.e.
cannot discriminate between multipaths at close
AoA.
 Cannot take advantage of path diversity by
combining coherent multi-path components.
Desired signal

Interference Interference
ADAPTIVE ARRAY SYSTEM

 Use sophisticated signal-processing algorithms to:


 Distinguish between desired signals, multi-path and
interfering signals.
 Update its beam pattern.
 By combining adaptive digital signal processing
with spatial processing techniques, adaptive array
systems can achieve greater performance
improvements than attainable using switched beam
systems.
ADAPTIVE ARRAY SYSTEM

Fig 3: Fully adaptive spatial processing, supporting two users on the same
conventional channel simultaneously in the same cell.
ADAPTIVE ARRAY SYSTEM

Fig 2: Performance evaluation


ADAPTIVE ARRAY SYSTEM

Two major considerations:


• Choice of Adaptive Antenna Array
• Phased Array
• Digital Beam formation array
• Parasitic Array
• Choice of Adaptive DSP Algorithm
IMPLEMENTATION ADSP ALGORITHM

N elements of array receive signals from M sources

Umn = Amn Smn ejwt -------- (1)


Where Amn is signal strength and Smn is phase lag .

Total signal received at an element from M sources


Un = Σ Amn Smn ejwt -------- (2)

Multiply (2) by Weighting Coefficient w and summing

y = Σ Un wn ------- (3) , summed over n= 0 to N-1

In direction towards source m output is


ym= Am ejwt Σ Smn wn ------- (4) .
From (4) gm = Σ Smn wn , is gain of antenna in direction of source
m.
In matrix form for M = N, gain can be written as

Re-arranging this we will get W matrix. By calculating W, radiation


pattern in a particular direction can be known using (4).
Radiation pattern when N =15 and d/λ = 1/3
Implementation of Adaptive Antenna Array

 PHASED ARRAY:
 Relative phases of the elements is of respective signals
feeding the antennas are varied.

 The beam forming network consists of power dividers,


couplers, switches, phase shifters, biasing networks.

 Circularly polarized (CP) patch antennas as array


elements.
 Extensively used in Radar, Military and Satellite
Communication.

 Advantages Scanning and weight.

 Communication Research laboratory and NASDA


developed an scanning spot beam active phased array
antenna for the experimental high data rate (Gigabit)
communication satellite.

 In Australia, a twelve-element land mobile terminal


phased array antenna is designed for keeping constant
tracking of the MobilesatTM satellite while the terminal is
moving
 Phased Array: The functional block diagram of the mobile
antenna is depicted which is tracking a satellite.
Cont..

.
PARASITIC ARRAY:

 The parasitic array is formed with one active


and several surrounding monopoles on the
ground plane.

 Changing reactance of the parasitic elements


alters the radiation of each element.

 The loads on the parasitic elements are


carried out by terminating a transmission line
by a variable reflection phase shifter.

 Lower complexity and power consumption.


PARASITIC ARRAY

Configuration of a seven-element ESPAR antenna.


Market Scenario:
 Navini Networks is combining MIMO and beamforming
in its adaptive antenna system arrays and base station

 CalAmp's smart antenna development has resulted in


beamforming technology that can be leveraged to
enhance the performance and coverage of wireless
networks such as WiFi (802.11) and WiMAX (802.16).

 DDI has implemented 3000 ArrayCom base stations.

 Worldwide, WLL markets offer good targets for smart


antennas. Mobile networks in regions such as Asia
Pacific and Eastern Europe, are slowly becoming good
markets.
Continued:

 Airgain, Inc., a developer of high-performance smart antenna


solutions for the WLAN market.

 Airgain, Inc. launched A2475 Smart Antenna, solution for


wireless access points, routers and gateway devices.
Garmin GXM 30 XM Smart Antenna for XM
Radio/ NavTraffic/ XM XW Weather.
Research by NASA and
Georgia Inst. Of Tech.
Image taken From Satellite Using AAA:
APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION

 With different structures, adaptive array antennas play


important roles in the evolution of wireless communications
systems .

 Applications where cost and power consumption are the main


limited factors, parasitic array antennas are suitable.

 DBF array antennas and phased array antennas dominate in


the applications such as satellite communications, where high
performance is desired.

 In addition to combating fading, diversity antennas can also be


employed to realize high-speed MIMO wireless transmissions.
References :
 Design of a Smart Antenna for Reducing Co-Channel Interference in
Cellular Mobile Communications, Adel A. Saleeb, IEEE 1999

 J.H. Winters, “Smart antennas for wireless systems”, IEEE


Personal Com. Magazine, pp. 23 -27, Feb. 1998.

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