Intercepts, Zeroes, and Asymptotes of Rational Functions
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aizaIntercepts, Zeroes, and Asymptotes of Rational Functions
Uploaded by
aizaIntercepts, Zeroes, and
Asymptotes of Rational
Functions
A. Which of the following is an example
of rational function?
A.
RATIONAL FUNCTION
B. RATIONAL EQUATION
C. +3<0
RATIONAL INEQUALITY
DOMAIN
is the set of first coordinates of a relation and it is
the value of x that will not make the denominator
of the function equal to zero.
Finding the domain:
1. equate the denominator to zero.
2. solve for x , this value should be avoided so that
the function will not give an undefined or a
meaningless function.
Example find the domain of;
Equate the denominator to zero
X+3=0
X =0–3
X = -3
Domain:{x│xER,x ≠ -3} or ( -∞, -3) U (-3 , ∞ )
Find the domain:
X–4=0
X=0+4
X=4
Domain = {x│xER, x≠ 4} or (-∞, 𝟒) ∪ (𝟒, ∞)
Find the domain;
= (x + 1) (x – 1)
= x+1=0 x–1=0
x=o–1 x = 0+1
x = -1 x =1
Domain = {x│xER, x≠ −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≠ 1} or
(-∞, −𝟏) ∪ (−𝟏, 𝟏) ∪ (𝟏, ∞)
RANGE
is the set of second coordinates.
How to find the range:
1. Change f(x) to y
2. Solve for x
3. Equate the denominator to 0.
the range:
Find
Change F(x) to y, the new function is y=
By doing cross multiplication y(x + 3) = x
Distributive Property xy + 3y = x
Simplify the equation xy – x = -3y
Factor the left side x(y-1) = -3y
Divide the equation by (y- 1) =
Remove common factor, the value of x x=
Since we are looking for the value of y that will give a
real value for the function so we need to find the values
for y that will not make the denominator equal to 0
Equate the denominator to zero.
y–1 =0
y=0+1
y=1
Range = {y/yER, y≠ 1} or (-∞, 𝟏) ∪ (𝟏, ∞)
Find the range:
xy – 4y = 3
xy = 3 + 4y
x=
y=0 Range = {y/yER, y≠ 0} or (-∞, 𝟎) ∪ (𝟎, ∞)
Find the range
𝑥 +1
𝑔 (𝑥 )= 2
𝑥 −1
y=
y=
xy – y = 1
Xy = 1 + y
y=0
Range = {y/y ≠ 0} or (-∞, 𝟎) ∪ (𝟎, ∞)
INTERCEPTS
The intercepts of the graph of
a rational function are the
points of intersection of its
graph and an axis
y - intercept
The y-intercept of the graph of a
rational function r(x) if it exists,
occurs at r(0), provided that r(x) is
defined at x = 0. To find y-intercept
simply evaluate the function at x = 0
x - intercept
The x-intercept of the graph of a
rational function r(x), if it exists, occurs
at the zeros of the numerator that are not
zeros of the denominators. To find x –
intercept equate the function to 0.
Zeroes of a function
The zeroes of a function are the
values of x which make the
function zero. The numbered
zeroes are also x-intercepts of the
graph of the function.
1. To find x – intercept equate the function to 0.
0 =
= 0
(x+1) () = 0 (x+1)
3 – x = 0
3 = 0+x
3 = x
The x-intercept is (3,0)
3x = 0
x=0
x – intercept is 0 or (0,0)
To find the y-intercept:
1. Change the x value of the function to 0.
2. Simplify.
Example:
So, the y – intercept is -
To find the zeroes of a rational function;
1. Equate the function to 0 or solve for the x-intercept of
the function by equating the numerator to zero.
x–2=0
x=0+2
x=2 thus, the zero of g(x) is 2.
Simplify by factoring the denominator.
1=0
False statement. So there is no zero of the function.
Which means that no point on the graph touches the x- axis.
ASYMPTOTES
An asymptotes is an imaginary line to
which a graph gets closer and closer
as the x or y increases or decreases
its value without limit.
Kinds of Asymptotes:
Vertical Asymptotes
Horizontal Asymptotes
Oblique / Slant Asymptote
Vertical Asymptote
The vertical line x = a is a vertical
asymptote of a function f if the graph
increases or decreases without bound as
the x values approach a from the right
or left.
Finding the Vertical Asymptote
First reduce the given function to simplest form
Find the zeroes of the denominator that are not zeros of the numerator.
Example:
F(x) =
(x – 1) = 0 (x + 5) = 0
x=0+1 x=0-5
x= 1 x = -5
The vertical asymptote for F(x) = is x=-5.
Horizontal Asymptote
The horizontal line y = b is a
horizontal asymptote of the
function f if f(x) gets closer to b
as x increases or decreases
without bound.
To determine the horizontal asymptote of a rational
function, compare the degree of the numerator n and
the degree of the denominator d .
If n < d, the horizontal asymptote is y = 0
If n = d, the horizontal asymptote y is the ratio of
the leading coefficient of the numerator a, to the
leading coefficient of the denominator b. That is y
= a/b.
If n > d, there is no horizontal asymptote.
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 3 𝑥 + 8
2
𝑥 +1
n=1 d=2 n<d
The degree of the numerator 3x + 1 is
less than the degree of the denominator
x2 + 1.
Therefore, the horizontal asymptote is y
= 0.
2
3 +8 𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 2
𝑥 +1
n=2
d=2 n=d
The horizontal asymptote y is equal to the
ratio of the leading coefficient of the
numerator 8 to the leading coefficient of the
denominator 1
that is y =
3
8 𝑥 −1
𝑔 (𝑥 )= 2
1− 𝑥
n=3 d=2 n>d
The degree of the numerator 8x3 – 1 is
greater than the degree of the
denominator 1 – x2.
Therefore, there is no horizontal
asymptote.
Slant / Oblique Asymptote
An oblique asymptote is a line that is
neither vertical nor horizontal.
It occurs when the numerator of f(x) has a
degree that is one higher than the degree of
the denominator.
Finding Oblique / Slant Asymptote
Simply divide the numerator by the
denominator by either using long divisions or
synthetic division.
The oblique asymptote is the quotient with the
remainder ignored and set equal to y.
2
𝑥 +3
h ( 𝑥) =
𝑥 −1
looking at the function, h(x) is undefined at x = 1, so the vertical asymptote of
By
h(x) is the line x = 1.
There is no horizontal asymptote because the degree of the numerator is greater
than the degree of the denominator.
=x–1
