CALCULUS 2:
(REVIEW)
Functions and Limits
When two variables x and y are related so
that for some range values of x, the value of y
is determined by that of x, then y is a function
of x. this relationship is denoted by y = f(x)
( read as f of x ) where f indicates that a
function exist between the variables x and y.
since the value of x is the independent
variable. The notation f(x) is due to the Swiss
mathematician and physicist Leonhard Euler
(1707-1783).
Domain and Range of the Function
The Domain of the function is the
totality of all possible values of x.
The Range of the function is the
totality of all possible values of y.
Interval notation will help describe
the domain and range of a function.
If a and b are real numbers, with
a<b, then
*
thus, a square bracket means that
the endpoint is included in the
interval. This notation is also used
for infinite intervals.
*
*
Operations on Functions
Given two functions f and g
Composite Function
Given two function f and g, the
composite functions, denoted by
*
Law of Exponents
Limits
Definition of Limits
The concept of limits is most
important ones of Calculus, it is what
distinguishes calculus of mathematics
while the idea of limits is simple. It is
important subtle and beginners open
half trouble with it. It is impossible to
understand calculus without
mastering the concept of limits.
Derivative of a Function
Definition: The derivative of a
function (x) is the ratio of the
increment of the function to the
increment of the independent
variable when the latter increment
varies and approaches zero as
limit.
*Taking
the increment on both sides,
denoting as the increment in x and as
the increment in y:
dividing both sides by
*is
a measure of the rate at which y is
changing with respect to x for the interval
. Suppose we regard x as fixed and then
let vary and approach zero, then
*It is the rate of change of f(x) at x.
Therefore,
In addition to , other symbols used for the
derivative of y =f(x) are f’(x), y’,
*
Derivatives of Algebraic Function
Differentiation Formulas:
*
Higher Derivatives
The derivative of y with respect to x
(or the first derivative of a function) is
itself a function of x, which may in turn
be differentiated. If y’ is differentiable
then its derivative is called the second
derivative of the original function.
Similarly, “y” is differentiable, then its
derivative is called the third derivative of
the original function and so on. Hence,
*
*Implicit
Differentiation
The function you have worked with is
for have all been given by equation of the
form y = f(x) in which the dependent
variable y on the left is given explicitly by
and is said to be un explicit form. For
example, the function
and
Are all function in explicit form.
*Sometimes
practical problem will lead to
equations in which the function y is not
written explicitly in terms of the
independent variable x, for example,
equations such as:
and
Moreover, even when you can solve for y
explicitly, the resulting formula is often
complicated and unpleasant to
differentiate.
*Derivatives
in Trigonometry
Derivatives of sin u
Derivatives of cos u
Derivatives of tan u
*Derivatives
of cot u
Derivatives of sec u
Derivatives of csc u
Maxima and Minima
At a point when y’=0, if y’ varies from
positive to negative y is 0 minimum: if y
changes from negative to positive y is a
minimum: if y does not change sign, y is
neither a maximum nor minimum.
At a point here y’=0, if y’’<0, is a
minimum, if y’’>0, y is a minimum: if y’’=0
the test fails.
*Tangents
and Normals to Plane Curves
Example:
Solution:
*
Note that therefore . Using the point
slope form of the equation of a line
*Tangent:
Normal:
*Differentiation
of Inverse trigonometric
Function
We recall from trigonometry that y = Arcsinx
if x= siny and
Note that without restricting the values of y
in the interval the equation Arcsinx does
not define a function. The reason for this is
that for any value of x in the interval [-1,1],
there are infinitely many values of y which
will satisfy the equation y=Arcsinx.
*However,
with this restriction, we see
that for each values of x in [-1,1],
there is a unique value of y. for
instance
*The
notation is often used for Arcsinx but
this text, we shall use the “arc” notation.
The definition of the remaining inverse
trigonometric function are as follows:
*
*The
following formulas are used for
differentiating inverse trigonometric
function the symbol “u” denotes an
arbitrary differentiate function of x.
*
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