14

PART A
The Digestive System
and Body Metabolism
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION

ELAINE N. MARIEB

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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Digestive System and Body
Metabolism
 Digestion
 Breakdown of ingested food
 Absorption of nutrients into the blood
 Metabolism
 Production of cellular energy (ATP)
 Constructive and degradative cellular
activities

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Organs of the Digestive System
 Two main groups
 Alimentary canal – continuous coiled
hollow tube
 Accessory digestive organs

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Organs of the Digestive System

Figure 14.1
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Oral Cavity (Mouth) Anatomy
 Lips (labia) – protect
the anterior opening
 Cheeks – form the
lateral walls
 Hard palate – forms
the anterior roof
 Soft palate – forms
the posterior roof
 Uvula – fleshy
projection of the
soft palate

Figure 14.2a
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Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy
 Vestibule – space
between lips
externally and teeth
and gums internally
 Oral cavity – area
contained by the teeth
 Tongue – attached at
hyoid and styloid
processes of the skull,
and by the lingual
frenulum
Figure 14.2a
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Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy
 Tonsils
 Palatine tonsils
 Lingual tonsil

Figure 14.2a
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Teeth
 The role is to masticate (chew) food
 Humans have two sets of teeth
 Deciduous/baby teeth
 20 teeth are fully formed by age two
 Permanent (32 including 3rd molars)

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Processes of the Mouth
 Mastication (chewing) of food
 Mixing masticated food with saliva
 Initiation of swallowing by the tongue
 Allowing for the sense of taste

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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pharynx Anatomy
 Nasopharynx –
not part of the
digestive system
 Oropharynx –
posterior to oral
cavity
 Laryngopharynx –
below the oropharynx
and connected to
the esophagus

Figure 14.2a
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Pharynx Function
 Serves as a passageway for air and food
 Food is propelled to the esophagus by two
muscle layers
 Food movement is by alternating contractions
of the muscle layers (peristalsis)

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Esophagus
 Runs from pharynx to stomach through the
diaphragm
 Conducts food by peristalsis
(slow rhythmic squeezing)
 Passageway for food only (respiratory system
branches off after the pharynx)

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Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs

Figure 14.3
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Activities of the Pharynx and Esophagus
 These organs have no digestive function
 Serve as passageways to the stomach

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Stomach Anatomy
 Located on the left side of the abdominal
cavity
 Food enters at the cardioesophageal sphincter
 A ring of smooth muscle fibers at the
junction of the esophagus and stomach.

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Stomach Anatomy
 Regions of the stomach
 Cardiac region – near the heart
 Fundus – means top
 Body
 Pylorus – funnel-shaped terminal end
 Food empties into the small intestine at the
pyloric sphincter

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Lesser 4
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Greater
7 curve

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Stomach Anatomy
 Rugae – internal folds of the mucosa
 External regions
 Lesser curvature
 Greater curvature

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Stomach Anatomy
 Layers of peritoneum attached to the stomach
 Lesser omentum – attaches the liver to the
lesser curvature
 Greater omentum – attaches the greater
curvature to the posterior body wall
 Contains fat to insulate, cushion, and
protect abdominal organs

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Stomach Anatomy

Figure 14.4a
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Stomach Functions
 Acts as a storage tank for food
 Site of food breakdown
 Chemical breakdown of protein begins
 Delivers chyme (processed food) to the small
intestine

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Stomach Videos
 Stomach Digestion Animation

 Camera Pill to Stomach

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Small Intestine
 The body’s major digestive organ
 Site of nutrient absorption into the blood
 21 feet long

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Subdivisions of the Small Intestine
 Duodenum
 Attached to the stomach
 Curves around the head of the pancreas
 First 10-12 inches

 Jejunum
 Attaches anteriorly to the duodenum
 Top 2/5 of the small intestine- 8 ft long

 Ileum
 Extends from jejunum to large intestine
 12 ft long
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Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine
 Source of enzymes that are mixed with
chyme
 Intestinal cells
 Pancreas
 Bile enters from the gall bladder

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Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine

Figure 14.6
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Folds of the Small Intestine
 Called circular folds
 Deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa
 The submucosa has Peyer’s patches
(collections of lymphatic tissue)

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Villi of the Small Intestine
 Fingerlike structures
formed by the mucosa
 Give the small
intestine more surface
area

Figure 14.7a
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Microvilli of the Small Intestine
 Small projections of
the plasma membrane
 Found on absorptive
cells

Figure 14.7c
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Structures Involved in Absorption of
Nutrients
 Absorptive cells
 Blood capillaries
 Lacteals (specialized
lymphatic capillaries)

Figure 14.7b
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Small Intestine In Action
 Small Intestine Physiology
 Digestion at work ( also fatty liver disease and irritable bowel)

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Large Intestine
 Larger in diameter, but shorter than the small
intestine
 Frames the internal abdomen

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Functions of the Large Intestine
 Absorption of water
 Eliminates indigestible food from the body as
feces
 Does not participate in digestion of food
 Goblet cells produce mucus to act as a
lubricant

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Structures of the Large Intestine
 Cecum – saclike first part of the large
intestine
 Appendix
 Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that
sometimes becomes inflamed
(appendicitis)
 Hangs from the cecum

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Structures of the Large Intestine
 Colon
 Ascending
 Transverse
 Descending
 Sigmoid
 Rectum
 Anus – external body opening
 Colonoscopy video- removing a polyp
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Questions

 Describe the pathway of structures in the

alimentary canal.
 Include functions and important
structures.
 Ex: teeth in oral cavity; villi in small
intestine

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 ACCESSORY Structures

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Saliva
 Produced by salivary glands near oral cavity
 Mixture of mucus and serous fluids
 Helps to form a food bolus
 Contains salivary amylase to begin starch
digestion
 Dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted

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Pancreas
 Produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that
break down all categories of food
 Enzymes are secreted into the duodenum
 Alkaline fluid introduced with enzymes neutralizes
acidic chyme
 Endocrine product of pancreas
 Insulin - hormone which has extensive effects on
metabolism and other body functions

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Liver
 Largest gland in the body
 Located on the right side of the body under
the diaphragm
 Consists of four lobes suspended from the
diaphragm and abdominal wall
 Connected to the gall bladder via the
common hepatic duct
 Stores fat, glycogen, iron, and certain
minerals, and detoxifies certain chemicals
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Bile
 Produced by cells in the liver
 Composition
 Bile salts
 Bile pigment- mostly bilirubin (from the
breakdown of hemoglobin)
 Cholesterol
 Phospholipids
 Electrolytes
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Gall Bladder
 Sac found in hollow fossa of liver
 Stores bile from the liver
 Bile is secreted into the duodenum in the
presence of fatty food
 Gallstones can cause blockages

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Gallstones
 Small, pebble-like substances and forms
when bile is stored in the gallbladder hardens
into pieces of stone-like material
 The two types: cholesterol stones (80%) and
pigment stones made of bilirubin.
 Can be small as a grain of sand or as big as a
golf ball.

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6 Processes of the Digestive System
1. Ingestion – getting food into the mouth

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 Processes of the Digestive System
2. Propulsion – moving foods from one region of the
digestive system to another

 Peristalsis – alternating
waves of contraction

 Segmentation – moving
materials back and forth
to aid in mixing
Figure 14.12
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6 Processes of the Digestive System
3. Mechanical digestion
 Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue
 Churning of food in the stomach
 Segmentation in the small intestine

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6 Processes of the Digestive System
4. Chemical Digestion
 Enzymes break down food molecules into
their building blocks
 Each major food group uses different
enzymes
 Carbohydrates are broken to simple sugars
 Proteins are broken to amino acids
 Fats are broken to fatty acids and alcohols

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6 Processes of the Digestive System
5 Absorption
 End products of digestion
are absorbed in the blood
or lymph
 Food must enter mucosal
cells and then into blood
or lymph capillaries
6. Defecation
 Elimination of indigestible
substances as feces
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Processes of the Digestive System

Figure 14.11
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Questions
 Identify the major functions of the three
accessory organs.

 Compare and contrast chemical and

mechanical digestion.
 Also identify which structures do each.

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