MySQL

Isha Narang
 MySQL Introduction
• MySQL is an SQL based relational database management system (DBMS)
• Free and Open source SQL (Structured Query Language) database server.
• MySQL is a multi-user, multi-threaded SQL database server.
• MySQL is a client/server implementation consisting of a server daemon
(mysqld) and many different client programs and libraries.
• MySQL runs on more than 20 Platform including Linux/UNIX, Windows X, AIX
and Mac OS X.
• licensed with the GNU General public license. http://www.gnu.org/
• Handles large databases, in the area of 50,000,000+ records, no memory
leaks, secure and host based authentication.
Why MySQL?
 Features & Benefits
 MySQL reduces the total cost of ownership of database software by
reducing database licensing costs by over 90 percent and cutting systems
downtime by 60 percent. At the same time, it lowers hardware
expenditures by 70 percent and reduces administration, engineering, and
support costs by up to 50 percent.
 World's Most popular open source database due to consistent fast
performance, high reliability and ease of use.
 Used to save time, money and high volume websites.
 Used in Most popular sites like Yahoo, google, YouTube, Nokia, Lucent,
Zappos.com
 Database Engine
Many DB engines are available which acts as handlers for different table types. It includes both those handle
transaction-safe tables and non transaction-safe tables.
Types of DB Engines:
• My ISAM – It is the default DB engine. Provides high speed storage and retrieval as well as full text searching
capabilities.
• InnoDB – It is a transaction-safe storage engine with commit, Rollback and crash recovery capabilities.
Support foreign key referential integrity constraints. Provides maximum performance on performing large
volume of data
• Memory/HEAP – provides in memory table.
• ARCHIVE – used for storing large amount of data without indexes.
• CSV – stores data in text files using comma separated values format.
• BLACKHOLE – accepts but doesn't store data and retrieval always return an empty set.
• BDB(BerkeleyDB) – Greater chance of surviving crashes and capable of COMMIT and ROLLBACK operation
on transactions.
• FEDERATED – stores data in remote DB
Basic MySQL Operations
 Create table
 Insert records
 Load data
 Retrieve records
 Update records
 Delete records
 Modify table
 Join table
 Drop table
 Optimize table
 Count, Like, Order by, Group by
 More advanced ones (sub-queries, stored procedures, triggers,
views …)
How MySQL stores data
 A MySQL server can store several databases
 Databases are stored as directories
 Default is at /usr/local/mysql/var/
 Tables are stored as files inside each
database (directory)
 For each table, it has three files:
 table.FRM file containing information about the
table structure
 table.MYD file containing the row data
 table.MYI containing any indexes belonging with
this table, as well as some statistics about the
table.
Login
 mysql –h hostname –u username –p
[password]
 Example
% mysql -u usrname -p
Enter password: passowrd
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ;
or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 23 to server version:
3.23.41.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.

mysql>
Create User and Database
 mysql>use mysql;
 Use database mysql, used by the system
 mysql>insert into user (Host, User,
Password) values (‘localhost’, ‘test1’,
password(‘pass1’));
 Create a new database user test1
 An alternative
 GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO ‘test1’@’localhost‘
IDENTIFIED BY ‘pass1’;
Create User and Database
(cont.)
 mysql>insert into db (Host, Db, User, Select_priv,
Insert_priv, Update_priv, Delete_priv, Create_priv,
Drop_priv) values (‘localhost’, ‘testdb’, ‘test1‘, ‘Y’, ‘Y’,
‘Y’, ‘Y’, ‘Y’, ‘Y’);
 Create a new database testdb for user test1

 mysql>flush privileges
 Reloads the privileges from the grant tables in the

database mysql
 An alternative
 GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE,

CREATE, DROP ON testdb.* TO ‘test1’@’localhost’

IDENTIFIED BY ‘pass1’;
 Create Database
What are the current databases at the server?
mysql> show databases;
+--------------+
| Database |
+--------------+
| mysql | mysql is a database (stores users’ password …) used by system.
| test |
+--------------+
Create a database (make a directory) whose name is MyDB
mysql> create database MyDB;
Select database to use
mysql> use MyDB;
Database changed
What tables are currently stored in the MyDB database?
mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
 Create Table
 CREATE TABLE Table_Name (column_specifications)
 Example
mysql> CREATE TABLE student
-> (
-> student_ID INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
-> name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
-> major VARCHAR(50),
-> grade VARCHAR(5)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Student_ID Name Major Grade

 Display Table Structure
mysql> show tables;
+--------------------+
| Tables_in_MyDB |
+--------------------+
| student |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> describe student;
+---------------+----------------------+------+------+----------+--------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------------+----------------------+-------+-----+-----------+-------+
| student_ID | int(10) unsigned | | |0 | |
| name | varchar(20) | | | | |
| major | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
| grade | varchar(5) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------------+----------------------+-------+------+----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
 Modify Table Structure
 ALTER TABLE table_name Operations
mysql> alter table student add primary key (student_ID);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> describe student;

+---------------+--------------------- +-------+------+----------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------------+----------------------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| student_ID | int(10) unsigned | | PRI | 0 | |
| name | varchar(20) | | | | |
| major | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| grade | varchar(5) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------------+----------------------+-------+------+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
 Insert Record
 INSERT INTO table_name SET col_name1=value1,
col_name2=value2, col_name3=value3, …
 Example

mysql> INSERT INTO student SET student_ID=101, name='Shannon',

major='BCB', grade='A';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

Student_ID Name Major Grade

101 Shannon BCB A
 Retrieve Record
 SELECT what_columns Student_ID Name Major Grade

FROM table or tables

WHERE condition 101 Shannon BCB A
 Example
mysql> SELECT major, grade FROM 102 Mike BBMB A
student WHERE name='Shannon';
+-------+-------+
| major| grade|
+-------+-------+ 103 Wang MCDB A
| BCB | A |
+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec) … … …

mysql> SELECT * FROM student;

 Update Record
 UPDATE table_name
SET which columns to change
WHERE condition
 Example
mysql> UPDATE student SET grade='B' WHERE name='Shannon';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> SELECT * FROM student WHERE name=‘Shannon’;
+------------+---------------+--------+--------+
| name | student_ID | major | grade |
+------------+---------------+--------+--------+
| Shannon | 101 | BCB | B |
+------------+---------------+--------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 Delete Record
 DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition
 Example

mysql> DELETE FROM student WHERE name='Shannon';

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

Mysql> DELETE FROM student;

Will delete ALL student records!

 Drop Table

 DROP TABLE table_name

 Example
mysql> drop table student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

 Logout MySQL
mysq> quit;
Bulk Load
 Load batch data instead of inserting records
one by one
 Example
mysql>LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE '/mysql/HT_E_COLL_270309.txt'
INTO TABLE PAYMENT_HISTORY
FIELDS TERMINATED BY '|'
ESCAPED BY '\\'
LINES TERMINATED BY "\n"
(CONSUMER_NO, RECEIPT_NO, AMT_RECD, PAYMENT_DATE,
MODE_OF_PAYMENT, CHEQ_DD_NO, CHEQ_DD_DATE,
CHEQ_DISHONOUR_FLG, @BILL_TYPE )
set BILL_TYPE = 2;
Query OK, 21 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 21 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0
 More Table Retrieval
 OR
mysql> select name from student where major = 'BCB' OR major = 'CS';
 COUNT (Count query results)
mysql> select count(name) from student where major = 'BCB' OR major = 'CS';
 ORDER BY (Sort query results)
mysql> select name from student where major = 'BCB' OR major = 'CS‘ ORDER
BY name;
mysql> select name from student where major = 'BCB' OR major = 'CS‘ ORDER
BY name DESC;
mysql> select * from student where major = 'BCB' OR major = 'CS‘ ORDER BY
student_id ASC, name DESC
 LIKE (Pattern matching)
mysql> select name from student where name LIKE "J%";
 DISTINCT (Remove duplicates)
mysql> select major from student;
mysql> select DISTINCT major from student;
 Group By
 Cluster query results based on different
groups
 Example
mysql> select major, count(*) from student GROUP BY major;
+---------+----------+
| major | count(*) |
+---------+----------+
| BBMB | 3|
| BCB | 3|
| Chem | 1|
| CS | 5|
| IG | 2|
| Math | 2|
| MCDB | 3|
| Stat | 2|
+---------+------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
 NULL
 No Value
 Can not use the usual comparison operators (>, =, != …)
 Use IS or IS NOT operators to compare with
 Example

mysql> select name from student where project_ID = NULL;

Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select name from student where project_ID IS NULL;

+-------+
| name|
+-------+
| Jerry |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Table Join
 Retrieve information from multiple tables
 Cross-Join
 Syntax:
SELECT <column_name> FROM <table1>, <table2>
Table Join
 Equi-Join or Inner-Join
 Syntax:
SELECT <column_name> FROM <Table1>, <Table2>
WHERE (Table1.column = Table2.column)
Animal Table Food Table
Id animal food_id Id food
1 Cat 1 1 Milk
2 Dog 2 2 Bone
3 Cow 3 3 Grass
4 Horse 3

Id animal food
1 Cat Milk
2 Dog Bone
3 Cow Grass
4 Horse Grass
Table Join
 Left Join
 Syntax:
SELECT <column_name> FROM <Table1>
LEFT JOIN <Table2>
ON Table1.column = Table2.column
 Left join is same as inner join only difference is that it will fetch
records from table1 even if no data in table2
Table Join
 Right Join
 Syntax:
SELECT <column_name> FROM <Table1>
RIGHT JOIN <Table2>
ON Table1.column = Table2.column
 Right will fetch records from table2 even if no data in table1
Table Join
 Using
 Syntax:
SELECT <column_name> FROM <Table1>
LEFT JOIN <Table2> USING (<column_name>)
 Instead of on can use USING if column name is common
 Joining Multiple Table
mysql> SELECT artists.Artist, cds.title, genres.genre
-> FROM cds
-> LEFT JOIN genres
-> ON cds.genreID = genres.genreID
-> LEFT JOIN artists
-> ON cds.artistID = artists.artistID;
 Join in Update and Delete query.
Table Join
 Union
UNION is used to combine the result from multiple SELECT statements into a
single result set.
 Example
(SELECT a FROM t1 WHERE a=10 AND B=1)
UNION
(SELECT a FROM t2 WHERE a=11 AND B=2)
ORDER BY a LIMIT 10;
 UNION DISTINCT : The default behavior for UNION is that duplicate rows
are removed from the result
 UNION ALL : Duplicate-row removal does not occur and the result includes
all matching rows from all the SELECT statements.
 MySQL Optimization

 Index
 Index columns that you search for
 Example
mysql> alter table student add index (name);
Query OK, 22 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 22 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> describe student;
+---------------+----------------------+--------+-------+---------+---------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------------+----------------------+--------+-------+---------+---------+
| student_ID | int(10) unsigned | | PRI | 0 | |
| name | varchar(20) | | MUL | | |
| major | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| project_ID | int(10) unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
+--------------+-----------------------+--------+-------+---------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
 MySQL Optimization (cont.)
 EXPLAIN
 Find what is going on a slow query
 Example
 mysql> EXPLAIN select * from student s,
project p where s.project_ID = p.project_ID
order by p.level;