• EXAMPLE 4.5.

Water with a density of 998 kg/

m3 (62.3 lb/ft3) enters a 50 mm (1.969-in.) pipe f
itting( 管件 ) horizontally, as shown in Fig. 4.9,
at a steady velocity of 1.0 m/s (3.28 ft/s) and a g
auge pressure of 100 kN/m2 (14.48 lbf/in.2). It lea
ves the fitting horizontally, at the same elevation
, at an angle of 45° with the entrance direction. T
he diameter at the outlet is 20 mm (0.787 in.).

1
• Assuming the fluid density is constant, the
kinetic energy and momentum correction factors
at both entrance and exit are unity, and the
friction loss in the fitting is negligible, calculate
• (a) the gauge pressure at the exit of the fitting
• (b) the forces in the x and y directions exerted by
the fitting on the fluid.

2
3
 • Solution
• (a) Bernoulli equation

Choose a as upstream station, b as

downstream station, and horizontal
line as datum line.
pa  aVa2 pb  bVb 2
 gZ a   W p   gZ b   hf
 2  2
Z a  0,Va  1.0m / s, pa  100kN / m 2

Z  0 hf  0 W p  0
b

4
 pa  pb Vb 2  Va2

 2
2 2
 Da   50 
Vb  Va    1.0   6.25 m/s
 Db   20 

 (Vb  V )
2 2
998(6.25 1.0 )
2 2
pb  pa  a
 100 
2 1,000  2

 100  18.99  81.01kN / m 2 (11.75b f / in 2 )

5
• (b) momentum balance in x direction is

m (  bVb , x   aVa , x )  pa S a , x  pb Sb , x  Fw, x


S a , x  S a  0.050 2  0.001964m 2
4
Vb , x  Vb cos  6.25 cos 45  4.42m / s

** Sb , x  Sb cos  0.0202 cos 45  0.000222m 2
4

6
 m  Va S a  1.0  998  0.001964  1.960kg / s

a  b 1
• Substituting in Eq. (4.63)

Fw, x  1.96(4.42 1.0) 100,000 0.001964  81,010  0.000222

 6.7  196.4  18.0  171.7 N (38.6lb f )

7
 Similarly for the y direction,
V a, y  0 S a, y  0
Vb , y  Vb sin   4.42m / s

** Sb , y  Sb sin   0.000222m 2

Fw, y  m (  bVb , y   aVa , y )  pa S a , y  pb Sb , y

 1.96(4.42  0)  0  81.01 0.0002221,000
 8.66  17.98  26.64 N (5.99lb f )

8
• EXAMPLE 4.6. In the equipment shown in Fig.
4.10, a pump draws a solution of specific gravity
1.84 from a storage tank through a 3-in. (75-mm)
Schedule 40 steel pipe. The efficiency of the
pump is 60 percent. The velocity in the suction
line is 3 ft/s (0.914 m/s). The pump discharges
through a 2-in. (50-mm) Schedule 40 pipe to an
over­head tank. The end of the discharge pipe is
50 ft (15.2 m) above the level of the solution in
the feed tank.

9
• Friction losses in the entire piping system are 10
ft- lbf/lb (29.9 J/kg). What pressure must the pum
p develop? What is the power delivered to the flu
id by the pump?

10
11
• Solution. Take station a at the surface of the
liquid in the tank and station b at the discharge
end of the 2-in. pipe. Take the datum plane for
elevations through station a.
pa  aVa
2
pb  bVb
2
 gZ a   W p   gZ b   hf
 2  2
2
Vb
W p  gZ b   hf
2

12
• By App. 3,
• Suction line: 3-in. (75-mm) Schedule 40 steel pipe
Inside diameter is
Da=3.068in. = 3.068x0.0254=0.07792m
•Discharge line: 2-in. (50-mm) Schedule 40 pipe
•Inside diameter is
•Db=2.067in. = 2.067x0.0254=0.05250m

13
 2 2
 Da   0.07792 
Vb  Va    0.914   2.013m / s
 Db   0.0525 

Vb 2
W p  gZ b   hf
2
2
2.013
0.60W p  50  0.3048  9.81   29.9
2
W p  302.38 J / kg

14
15
 The pressure developed
by the pump
pb  p a Va2  Vb2
  W p
 2

 0.914 2  2.0132 
pb  p a  1.84  1000  0.6  302.38 
 2 
 327908.65Pa  328kPa

16
• The power delivered to the pump （轴功率）
is the product of Wp and the mass flow rate,
 2
m  Da Va 
4

  0.07792  0.914  1.84  1000  8.0155kg / s
2

4
P  m W p
 8.0155  302.38  2423.73W  2.42kW

17
• The power delivered to the fluid （有效功率）
is then

2.42  0.60  1.45kW

18
• 1 ． The water level in the tank is 7m above the
ground. The water is drained through a φ108×4
mm pipe, the pipe outlet is 1.5m above the grou
nd, the energy loss for the water flowing throug
h the total system is ∑hf=5.5ub2 , where ub is the
average velocity of water in the pipe, m/s, and t
he flow is steady. Calculate:
• （ 1 ） Average velocity of water in section A-
A'
• （ 2 ） flow rate of water in m3/h.

19
1

20
• 2 ． To pump the water of 20℃ from storage tan
k to the top of a tower, the water level in the stora
ge tank is fixed and the detail is shown in the draw
ing attached. The pipe diameter is φ763.5mm and
the reading of vacuum gauge at the pump inlet is 2
5.6103Pa. The friction loss of suction pipeline and
discharging pipeline (exclude the spray) can be ca
lculated with ∑hf1=4ub2 与∑ hf2=8ub2, where ub is t
he average velocity in suction pipe and dischargin
g pipe, m/s . The pressure at the joint between pipe
exit and spray is 87.5103Pa （ gauge ） . Calculat
e the effective power of pump 。

21
 3

22
• 3 ． Liquid is draining from the bottom of a larg
e open tank through a 32-mm pipe. The diameter
D of the open tank is 2m. The initial liquid level
h1 is 2m (based on the center line of the pipe). Th
e energy loss along the streamline can be calculat
ed by ∑hf=20ub2 , where ub is the average velocity
for liquid inside the pipe, m/s. If no liquid is mad
e up, calculate the time needed to drop liquid lev
el 1m.

23
24
• 4 ． To convey corrosive liquid with density of 1
100kg/m3 from low tank to high tank with compr
essed air and maintain the level in the tanks fixed
. The pipe diameter is φ60×3.5mm and the detai
ls see the attached figure. The friction loss for dif
ferent sections of pipe are ∑hf,AB=∑hf,CD=ub2 ，
∑ hf,BC=1.18ub2. The liquid in the two U-tube ma
nometers is mercury. If R1=45mm ， h=200mm,
calculate (1) pressure of compressed air p1 (2) re
ading of U-tube manometer R2.

25
26
 Summary
• 1. Continuity equation

m   aVa S a   bVb Sb  V S (4.11)

When flow is through a circular channels,

and density is keep constant.
2
Va  Db 
  
Vb  Da 

27
• 2. Bernoulli equation

pa  aVa2 pb  bVb 2
 gZ a   W p   gZ b   hf
 2  2

(4.65)***

28