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01 - BIOE 211 - Nature of Statistics and Data Processing

This document discusses statistics and data processing. It defines statistics and its importance. Descriptive and inferential statistics are introduced. Biostatistics is a special branch of statistics dealing with health data. The document covers data collection, coding, processing, and editing. It defines key terms and discusses different data types, scales of measurement, and the coding process. The importance of a coding manual and data editing are also highlighted.

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267 views

01 - BIOE 211 - Nature of Statistics and Data Processing

This document discusses statistics and data processing. It defines statistics and its importance. Descriptive and inferential statistics are introduced. Biostatistics is a special branch of statistics dealing with health data. The document covers data collection, coding, processing, and editing. It defines key terms and discusses different data types, scales of measurement, and the coding process. The importance of a coding manual and data editing are also highlighted.

Uploaded by

Jhello
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NATURE OF STATISTICS

&
DATA PROCESSING
BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY (BIOE 211)
COURSE UNIT 1
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
Learning Objectives:
• Define statistics and understand its importance
• Discuss the basic concepts of statistics
• Describe the phenomena of variability
• Define data processing;
• Enumerate the steps and rules in coding;
• Describe the process of preparing a coding manual.
STATISTICS
• Science of collecting, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting
data
• Art of summarizing data for non-statisticians to understand
• METHOD or DATA
• Tool for decision making  formulation of a good judgment
Uses of Statistics
• Data reduction technique
• Tool for analyzing research projects and clinical trials
• Tool for objective appraisal and evaluation of programs
• Tool in decision making process and policy making
2 AREAS OF STATISTICS
• MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS
- concerned with development of new statistical inference and
requires detailed knowledge of abstract mathematics for its
implementation

• APPLIED STATISTICS
- involves applying the methods of mathematical statistics to
specific subject areas such as BIOSTATISTICS
BIOSTATISTICS
• BIO means life; STATISTICS means data
– a special branch of statistics which deals with quantitative and
qualitative aspects of vital phenomena

– Health statistics: data required in the planning, administration,


and evolution of health programs
AREAS OF STATISTICS
• DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
– Methods of summarizing and presenting data
– Computation of measures of central tendency and variability
– Tabulation and graphical presentation
– Facilitate understanding, analysis, and interpretation of data

• INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
– Methods of arriving at conclusions and generalizations about a
target population based on information from a sample
– Estimation of parameters and hypotheses testing
Uses of Biostatistics
• Epidemiology: distribution & determinants of health-related
states and events
• Demography: study of human population
• Health Economics: functioning of health care system and
health affecting behaviors
• Genetics and Genomics: Heredity; genes and functions
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Population – whole member of a defined group (ENTIRETY)
• Sample – portion of the population (SUBSET)
• Parameter – measure of characteristic of a population
• Statistic – measure of characteristic of a sample
• Data – item/piece(s) of information
• Constant – unchanging value/characteristic of an object
• Variable – changing value/characteristic of an object
Types of Data
• According to Source
- Primary
- Secondary

• According to Functional Relationship


- Dependent
- Independent
Categories of Data
– Qualitative: descriptions or labels to distinguish one group
from another

– Quantitative: can be measured and ordered according to


quantity or amount and expressed numerically
Types of Quantitative Data
• Discrete – assumes finite or countable number of values

• Continuous – assumes infinite or possible values


Scales of Measurement of Variables
I. Nominal
– Simply used as names or identifiers of a category
– Always qualitative
– Does not represent any amount or quantity
II. Ordinal
– Represents an ordered series of relationships
– May be qualitative or quantitative
III. Interval
– Does not have a true-zero value starting point
– Always quantitative
IV. Ratio
– Modified interval level which includes zero as a
starting point
– Always quantitative
Data Processing
• • Systematic procedure to ensure that the information/data gathered
are complete, consistent and suitable for analysis.
Data
Data Data
Processin
Collection Analysis
g
Data Coding
• Conversion of verbal/written information into numbers which
can be more easily encoded, counted and tabulated.
Types of Codes
• A. Field Code: actual value or information given by the
respondent
• B. Bracket Code: recorded as range of values rather than actual
values
• C. Factual Code: codes are assigned to a list of categories of a
given variable
• D. Pattern Code: applicable for questions with multiple
responses
Coding problems
• No response
• Not applicable items
Coding Manual
A document which contains a record of all
codes assigned to the responses to all
questions in the data collection forms
• Minimum information that must be included
in a coding manual
– Variable name
– Variable description
– Coding instructions
Data Encoding
Entering the data/responses in a spreadsheet
– MS Excel
– MS Access
– Epi Info
Data Editing
• Inspection and correction of any errors or inconsistencies in the
information collected
– During data collection, encoding, before data analysis
Types of Editing
• A. Field Editing
• Reviewing the accomplished data collection forms
• Decoding of abbreviations or special symbols
• Making callbacks/messages for verification/clarification
• of incomplete answers
• B. Central Editing
• Checking of inconsistencies and incorrect entries after
• receiving the questionnaire from the field
• Checking of encoded data
Importance of Data Editing
• Make corrections as early as possible
• Reduce non-response or incomplete answers
• Eliminate inconsistencies, incorrect info.
• Make the entries clear, legible and comprehensive
• Prepare data for analysis
What to check when editing data?
• Check for duplicate entries
• Check the totals of each variable if the same as with the sample
size
• For qualitative data, check if categories are consistent with what
is specified in the coding manual
• For quantitative data, check the minimum and maximum if they
are logical given the possible values of variable
End of presentation
Questions?
Clarification?
Other concerns…

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