ANAT.

301 3 (1-2)

 Veterinary Anatomy –I
 Theory one class/ week 20 mrks
 Practical two Classes/ week
 Mid Final Assignement

 Theory 6 12 2
 Practical 15 25 0
Introduction
 ANATOMY
The word Anatomy is derived from the Greek
word Ana (apart) and latin tomy (cut). It is the
branch of biological science, which deals with
the structure and form of organisms. It
includes the study of shape, weight, color,
texture and relative position of various parts
and organs of the organisms when in a state of
normal health
Study Of Anatomy
BENEFITS OF ANATOMY

 It gives an idea about the form, shape, structure and relative

position of various organs and tissues.
 It aids in understanding the function of various parts, their
correlation and coordination, and their physical and functional
relationship
 When normal shape, structure and function are
known, a deviation from this normal can be
recognized with great ease. Thus it helps in
diagnosis of diseased state.
It provides knowledge
which helps in devising the
ways and means for the
collection of samples
required for a definite
diagnosis.
It facilitates administration
of drugs efficiently.
A good grasp of anatomy
gives much help and
confidence to a surgeon
Branches of Anatomy
 GROSS (MACRO) ANATOMY: It is the study of structures that
can be dissected and seen with the naked eye.
 HISTOLOGY (MICRO) ANATOMY: The study of minute
structures too small to be seen without a microscope.
 CYTOLOGY (ULTRASTRUCTURAL ANATOMY): It is the
study of minute structures in even greater detail, with the help of an
electron microscope.
 APPLIED ANATOMY: Study of the practical application of
anatomical knowledge to the diagnosis and treatment.
 MORBID ANATOMY (Pathology): The study of diseased
structures of an organism.
 TERATOLOGY: The study of abnormal development of an
individual.
Branches of Anatomy
 DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY: The study of the
development of an individual from the zygote to adult.
 EMBRYOLOGY: The study of structure from fertilized egg
to birth.
 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY: The study of comparison of
the structures of different animals.
 MORPHOLOGICAL / PHILOSOPHICAL ANTOMY: It is
the study of generalization made on outer form and inner
structure.
 PHYLOGENY: It is the study of evolutionary history of a
species.
 SPECIAL ANATOMY: The study of the structure and form of
a single type or specie
 PLANES OF THE BODY:
Plane: An imaginary line along
which any two points can be
connected and cut in a straight
line.
Median Plane: A plane that
divides the body longitudinally
into left and right equal halves.
Sagittal Plane: A Plane that
divides the body into two
unequal right and left halves,
parallel to the median plane.
Planes
Dorsal Plane: A Plane that
runs at right angle to the
median and transverse planes
and divides the body into
dorsal and ventral halves.
Transverse Plane: A plane
that is perpendicular to the
long axis of the body. It is at
right angle to both dorsal and
median planes. It cuts the
body into cranial and caudal
parts
METHODS TO STUDY ANATOMY:

 Two chief methods are employed to study anatomy, systemic and

topographic.
 1. SYSTEMIC STUDY: The body is studied in the form of different
systems.
 The divisions of systemic anatomy are:
 Oesteology: The description of the bones.
 Arthrology : The description of the joints.
 Myology: The description of muscles.
 Splanchnology: The description of the viscera (Soft Organs). This
includes the following subdivisions of the soft organs of the body.
 The Digestive system
 The Respiratory system
 The Urinary system
 The Male and Female reproductive systems
 Angiology: The description of the organs of
Circulation.
 Neurology: The description of the Nervous
System.
 Esthesiology: The description of the sense
organs and common integument (Skin).
 2. Topographic study: The methods by which
the relative positions of various parts of the
body are accurately determined.
 TOPOGRAPHIC TERMS:
 Dorsal: Nearer to the top of the body.
 Ventral: Near to the ground or away from the top
of the body.
 Medial: Nearer to the midline (median plane).
Lateral: Away from the median plane.
 Cranial: Directed towards the cranial cavity.
 Caudal: Directed towards the tail.
 Rostral: Directed towards the nose. This term is
used only on skull.
Proximal: Directed toward the main mass / trunk.
Distal: Directed away from the main mass / trunk.
 Oral: Directed toward the oral cavity
 Aboral: Directed away from the oral cavity.
 Radial & Ulnar: Denote the medial and lateral
sides of the forearm in which radius and Ulna are
respectively located.
 Tibial & Fibular: Denote the medial and lateral
sides of the leg in which Tibia and Fibula are
respectively located.
 Palmar: Ventral surface of the Forepaw / hand.
 Planter: Ventral surface of the hind paw / foot,
which touches the ground
TOPOGRAPHIC TERMS:
 Axis: Central line of a body.
 Axial: Near to the axis.
 Abaxial: Away from the axis.
 Deep: The structure is towards or nearer to the
center of the solid organ.
 Superficial: The structure is nearer to the surface
of the solid organ.
 Proximal : Directed toward the main mass /trunk.
This term is applied to the limbs only.
 Distal -- Directed away from the main mass
/trunk. This term is applied to the limbs only.
SURFACE CONTOUR OF THE
BONES
Acetabulum: A Glenoid cavity:
Large smooth and
deep smooth shallow articular
articular cavity cavity
SURFACE CONTOUR OF THE
BONES
Fovea: it is a small Facet: It is a small articular
surface, which may be flat,
depression which is concave or convex.
non articular.
 Foramen: A natural
Crest: It is a linear sharp opening / perforation in a
ridge bon
Line: Very faint ridge.
SURFACE CONTOUR OF THE
BONES
Canal: If the foramen has Condyle: It is a smooth convex
a length and has a second articular large cylindrical mass
situated at the distal end of long bones.
opening in the anterior of Epicondyle: The rough enlarged part,
the bone that tunnel is which is proximal to the condyle
called as canal.
SURFACE CONTOUR OF THE
BONES
Trochlea: It is a Cochlea: It is an
pulley like articular articular surface
mass. reciprocal to trochlea
SURFACE CONTOUR OF THE BONES
.

 Head: Rounded, smooth

strongly convex
articular projecting
mass, situated at the
proximal end of a long
bone.
 Neck: The constricted
attachment between
head and shaft.
Bones
Fossa: A large non-
articular depression.
Process: General term for
a prominence.
SURFACE CONTOUR OF THE
BONES Spine: It is an elongated thin
Sinus: It is a large air cavity
pointed speck
within a bone.
SURFACE CONTOUR OF THE BONES
Trochantor: Tuberosities present
on the femur bone.
Tubercle: A small non articular
projection.
Tuberosity: A relatively large
non articular projection.
 BONE
Bone is the basic material or
primary unit of skeleton. It is one
of the hardest tissues of body.
About one third of the weight of
bone consists of an organic
framework of fibrous tissues and
cells. This organic matter gives
resilience and toughness to
bones. The remaining two-thirds
of the weight of bone consists of
inorganic salts (largely calcium
and Phosphorus) deposited
within the organic framework.
These salts give hardness and
rigidity to bones.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE BONES

Long bones. Long bones

function chiefly as levers and
aid in support, locomotion and
prehension. The best examples
of long bones are found in the
limbs
Bones
Short bones are
somewhat cuboidal, or
approximately equal in
all dimensions. Short
bones function in
absorbing concussion,
and are found in complex
joints like carpal and
tarsal
Irregular bones
Irregular bones are
important for
protection, support
and muscle
attachment e.g.
vertebra.
BONE
Sesamoid bones resemble a
sesame seed and are
developed along the course
of tendons to reduce friction
or change the course of
tendons. They prevent over
extension and over flexion.
The patella (knee-cap) is
the largest sesamoid in the
body
Flat bones are relatively
thin, and expanded in two
dimensions. They function
chiefly for protection of
vital organs (e.g. brain,
heart, lungs, pelvic
viscera), but also provide
large surface area for
muscle attachment e.g.
scapula
Functions of Bones
 It gives rigidity and form to the body.
 Provide protection to certain soft organs.
 It act as levers and help in locomotion.
 Store minerals, especially calcium and phosphorous.
 Provide a site for blood formation i.e., red and white
blood cell.
 Pneumatic bones of the birds help in flying.
SKELETON
It is the hard framework of body formed by bones
that gives a proper shape to the body, provide
support and give protection to the body
TYPES OF SKELETON
 1. Axial Skeleton consists of skull, vertebral
column, ribs and sternum.
 2. Appendicular Skeleton, consists of bones
of the fore-limb and hind-limb.
 3. Splanchnic /Heterotropic /Visceral
Skeleton, these include certain bones
developed in the soft organs of the body e.g.,
Os penis of dog and Os cordis of ox.