WHAT IS A CELL?

• A cell is the basic unit of life

• Its size is too small to be seen with
the naked eye.
• We need an instrument called a
microscope to observe cells.

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Microscope

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 Number of Cells

Part Function

Eyepiece To magnify the image formed by he objective

lens
To magnify the image of the object
Objective lens

Stage clip To hold the microscope slide in position

Diaphragm To control the amount of light entering the

objective lens

Stage To support the microscope slide

Adjustment knob To get a sharper focus of the object.

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 Cells May be Prokaryotic or
Eukaryotic

 Prokaryotes include bacteria &

lack a nucleus or membrane-bound
structures called organelles
Eukaryotes include most other cells
& have a nucleus and membrane-
bound organelles (plants, fungi, &
animals)
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 Prokaryotes
Nucleoid region
contains the DNA
•Cell membrane &
cell wall
• Contain ribosomes
(no membrane) to
make proteins in
their cytoplasm

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 Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic cell
structures:
• Nucleus
• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm with
organelles

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 Two Main Types of
Eukaryotic Cells

Plant Cell Animal Cell

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 Organelles
Very small size
Can only be observed under a
microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm
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 Organelles Found in Cells
Examples of Organelles include:

Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) –

canals for movement
Golgi Bodies – wrap & export proteins
Nucleolus – makes ribosomes
Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of wastes
Ribosomes – makes proteins
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 Golgi Bodies
• Stacks of flattened
sacs
• Have a shipping side &
a receiving side
• Receive & modify
proteins made by ER
• Transport vesicles
with modified proteins
pinch off the ends
Transport
vesicle
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 Lysosome
• Contain digestive
enzymes
• Break down food and
worn out cell parts for
cells
• Programmed for cell
death (lyse & release
enzymes to break down
& recycle cell parts)

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 Nucleolus
• Cell may have 1 to 3
nucleoli
• Inside nucleus
• Disappears when cell
divides
• Makes ribosomes that
make proteins

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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Smooth ER lacks
ribosomes & makes
proteins USED In
the cell
Rough ER has
ribosomes on its
surface & makes
proteins to EXPORT
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 Cell Powerhouse

Mitochondrion
( mitochondria )
Rod shape
Site of Cellular
respiration

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 In Animal Cells:
Mitochondria

Active cells like muscles

have more mitochondria
Burn sugars to produce
energy ATP

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 Surrounding the Cell

Cell membrane
Lies immediately
against the cell wall
in plant cells
Made of protein and
phospholipids
Selectively permeable
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 Cell or Plasma Membrane

Cell membrane
Living layer
Controls the movement of
materials into and out
of the cell
Selectively permeable

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 Cytoplasm of a Cell

Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance
enclosed by cell
membrane
Provides a medium for
chemical reactions to
take place

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 More on Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm
Contains organelles
to carry out
specific jobs
Examples:
chloroplast &
mitochondrion
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 Control Organelle

Nucleus
Controls the normal
activities of
the cell
Bounded by a

nuclear membrane 20
 More on the Nucleus

Nucleus
Each cell has fixed

number of
chromosomes that
carry genes
Genes control cell 21
 Plant Cell Organelles
Chloroplast
Contain the green
pigment chlorophyll
Traps sunlight to make
to make sugars (food)
Process called
photosynthesis

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 Plant Cell

Cell wall
Dead layer
Large empty spaces
present between
cellulose fibers
Freely permeable

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 Plant Cell

Cell wall
Made of cellulose
which forms very
thin fibers
Strong and rigid
Found in plant cells

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 Plant Cell

Cell wall
Protect and support the
enclosed substances
(protoplasm)
Resist entry of excess
water into the cell
Give shape to the cell

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 Plant Cell Organelles
Vacuole
Have a large central
vacuole
Surrounded by tonoplast
Contains cell sap
Sugars, proteins,
minerals, wastes, &
pigments
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Different kinds of plant
cells

Onion Epidermal Cells Guard Cells

root hair

Root Hair Cell

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vacuole cytoplasm
Animal cell

No cell wall or
chloroplast
nucleus Stores glycogen
in the
mitochondrion cytoplasm for
food energy
cell
glycogen membrane
granule 28
Animal Cell Organelles

• Near the nucleus

• Paired structures
• Help cell divide 29
Different kinds of animal
cells

white blood cell

Amoeba

red blood cell

muscle cell
sperm
cheek cells
nerve cell
Paramecium 30
Similarities between plant
cells and animal cells
Both have a cell membrane
surrounding the cytoplasm

Both have a nucleus

Both contain mitochondria

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Differences between plant
cells and animal cells
Animal cells Plant cells

Relatively Relatively
smaller in size larger in size
Irregular shape Regular shape
No cell wall Cell wall present
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Differences between Plant
Cells and Animal Cells
Animal cells Plant cells
Vacuole small or Large central
absent vacuole
Glycogen as food Starch as food
storage storage
Nucleus at the Nucleus near cell
center wall 33
 Compound Microscope

• Instrument for
observing small
objects
• Magnify images
up to 2000X
their size

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Different parts of
a microscope

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Revolving
Eyepiece
nosepiece
Body tube
Objective Coarse
adjustment
Clip Fine adjustment

Condenser Arm

Iris diaphragm Stage

Condenser
Mirror control knob
Base
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 The cell is the Basic Unit
of Life
• Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms
• Unicellular organisms are made of one cell
only
• The cells of multicellular organisms are
specialized to perform different functions
– e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis
and root hair cells for water absorption

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 Levels of organization
• Cells are
grouped
together and
work as a
whole to
perform special
functions

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 Tissue
• A group of similar cells to
perform a particular function
– Animals : epithelial tissue,
muscular tissue
– Plants : vascular tissue,
mesophyll

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 Organ
• Different tissues group together
to carry out specialized functions
– Heart : consists of muscles,
nervous tissue and blood
vessels
– Leaf : consists of epidermis,
mesophyll and vascular tissue

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The Structures of a Leaf
(Plant Organ)
Chloroplast
Palisade
Mesophyll Cell
Spongy Mesophyll
Cell

Air Space

Stoma
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The Structures of a Heart
(Animal Organ)

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 System
• Several organs and tissues work together
to carry out a particular set of
functions in a co-ordinated way
– Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory,
circulatory and reproductive systems
– Plant : root and shoot systems

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Human Body Systems
Examples of systems :
 Digestive System
 Respiratory System
 Circulatory System
 Nervous System
 Reproductive System

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Examples of a Human Body System

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Examples of a Human Body System
The Res piratory Sys tem

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Examples of a Human Body System
Circulatory System

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Examples of a Human Body System
Nervous System

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 Levels of Organization
 CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)
 TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)
 ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach)
 SYSTEMS (circulatory system)
 ORGANISM (human)

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