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DNS (Domain Name System)

The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS), including that it was developed by Postel and Mockapetris, maps domain names to IP addresses, and has a hierarchical structure with top-level domains and zones maintained by DNS servers.

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Mohamed El Bakkali
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30 views

DNS (Domain Name System)

The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS), including that it was developed by Postel and Mockapetris, maps domain names to IP addresses, and has a hierarchical structure with top-level domains and zones maintained by DNS servers.

Uploaded by

Mohamed El Bakkali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DNS

(Domain Name System)


Domain Name System (DNS)
 Developed by Postel & Mockapetris
 www.internic.net is a good site to browse
 The phone book of the internet
 But more restrictive … Each entry must be
 Unique
 Authentic

 Universal Resolvability is ensured


 Distributed Database
Domain Name System (DNS)

DNS Request Message


“The host name is rucs.radford.edu”

Originating DNS
Host Server
Domain Name System (DNS)

DNS Table
Host Name IP Address
… …
… …
rucs.radford.edu 137.45.192.100
… …

DNS Response Message


Originating “The IP address is 137.45.192.100” DNS
Host Server
Address Resolution
 Early Internet had no Domain Name System – Just HOSTS file
 Win: C:\WINNT\system32\drivers\etc\HOSTS

 Unix/Linux: /etc/hosts

 Ancient History: Before DNS,


 The master HOSTS file was maintained by SRI International

 Periodically, every computer in the internet reloaded HOSTS file

 ~1984 someone realized that millions of computers and domains


needed a central database – DNS was born
 Still, when a host needs to translate yahoo.com,
 First, HOSTS file is scanned

 Then DNS is used.


The DNS Tree
● Root Zone File

TLDs kr uk com org edu

co ac icann

yonsei

med cs
Structure of DNS
DNS
 13 Identical Root Servers
 All Top Level Domain (TLD) Registries
 Database for each TLD
 .com .org .edu .biz …. (gTLDs)
 .fr .ca etc. country-specific TLDs, or ccTLDs
 Root Servers are
 Authoritative
 Maintained by ICANN, www.icann.org
(International Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)
Map of the Root Servers

Click here to see the exact location of Root Servers ( http://www.root-servers.org/ )


U.S. Top Level Domains
DNS Names
 Hierarchical, right to left
 nth level ……. Top Level Domain (Label)
 yadda.yadda.yadda.yadda……….edu
 TLD, or Label may be up to 63 chars long
 Total length of name must be <= 255 chars
 Total length <= 127 labels
 DNS Names are either
 Relative (newriver)
 Fully qualified (newriver.radford.edu, an actual host or
server)
DNS Zones
: Any Collection of Hosts
DNS Servers
 Each DNS zone has
 A domain name
 At least a primary server
 Probably a secondary server as well
 A computer that maintains a single master list
of DNS Names and IP Addresses for a zone
 Has Authority for that Zone
 Is known as the primary server for the zone
Address “translation”
 Domain Name System
Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version
(DNS) 5.00.2195]
 Given a Domain Name (C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.
(e.g., yahoo.com), lookup
H:\>nslookup yahoo.com
the IP address. Server: newriver.radford.edu
 Command nslookup Address: 137.45.26.19
<somedomain.com>
Non-authoritative answer:
returns: Name: yahoo.com
 DNS Server name & IP Addresses: 64.58.79.230, 66.218.71.198
addr
 IP address(es) of the
domain
NSlookup – DNS Translation
 Manual Page for nslookup can be found at
http://cr.yp.to/djbdns/intro-dns.html
http://www.kloth.net/services/nslookup-man.php
 It is for Unix shell, but most operation is same for WIN2K or up.
 The command nslookup allows DNS translation to a DOS cmd
window.
H:\>nslookup
Default Server: newriver.radford.edu
Address: 137.45.26.19
>?
Commands: (identifiers are shown in uppercase, [] means optional)
NAME - print info about the host/domain NAME using default server
NAME1 NAME2 - as above, but use NAME2 as server
help or ? - print info on common commands
set OPTION - set an option
all - print options, current server and host
[no]debug - print debugging information
[no]d2 - print exhaustive debugging information
[no]defname - append domain name to each query
[no]recurse - ask for recursive answer to query
[no]search - use domain search list
[no]vc - always use a virtual circuit
domain=NAME - set default domain name to NAME
srchlist=N1[/N2/.../N6] - set domain to N1 and search list to N1,N2, etc.
root=NAME - set root server to NAME
retry=X - set number of retries to X
timeout=X - set initial time-out interval to X seconds
type=X - set query type (ex. A,ANY,CNAME,MX,NS,PTR,SOA,SRV)
querytype=X - same as type
class=X - set query class (ex. IN (Internet), ANY)
[no]msxfr - use MS fast zone transfer
ixfrver=X - current version to use in IXFR transfer request
server NAME - set default server to NAME, using current default server
lserver NAME - set default server to NAME, using initial server
finger [USER] - finger the optional NAME at the current default host
root - set current default server to the root
ls [opt] DOMAIN [> FILE] - list addresses in DOMAIN (optional: output to FILE)
-a - list canonical names and aliases
-d - list all records
-t TYPE - list records of the given type (e.g. A,CNAME,MX,NS,PTR etc.)
view FILE - sort an 'ls' output file and view it with pg
exit - exit the program
.arpa
 An explicit way to signal for reverse translation
http://cr.yp.to/djbdns/dot-arpa.html

 Reverse lookups
http://cr.yp.to/djbdns/intro-dns.html#reverse

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