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Chapter 3 - Measurement Case Studies

This chapter discusses various case studies of measurement systems including temperature, pressure, humidity, and flow rate. It describes the key steps in designing measurement systems which are to identify the measurement requirements, suitable sensors, appropriate signal processing, and required display or storage. Examples are provided for designing temperature, pressure, and humidity measurement systems that explain selecting suitable sensors and components based on the measurement needs. The chapter also covers data acquisition systems, data loggers, and the importance of testing measurement systems before and after installation.

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77 views

Chapter 3 - Measurement Case Studies

This chapter discusses various case studies of measurement systems including temperature, pressure, humidity, and flow rate. It describes the key steps in designing measurement systems which are to identify the measurement requirements, suitable sensors, appropriate signal processing, and required display or storage. Examples are provided for designing temperature, pressure, and humidity measurement systems that explain selecting suitable sensors and components based on the measurement needs. The chapter also covers data acquisition systems, data loggers, and the importance of testing measurement systems before and after installation.

Uploaded by

farizah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3 – Measurement

Case Studies
BY DR HASMAH MANSOR
E2-2-13.1 (Opposite Audi B)
[email protected]
Case Studies
• A Temperature Measurement
• An Absolute Pressure Measurement
• Detection of the Angular Position of a Shaft
• Air Flow Rate Determination
• Fluid Level Monitoring
• Measurement of Relative Humidity
• Dimension Checking
• Temperature of a Furnace
Steps in designing measurement systems
• Identification of the nature of the measurement required
• variable to be measured, nominal value, the range, accuracy required, required speed
of measurement, reliability required, environmental conditions
• Identification of possible sensors
• taking into account the requirements and cost. Suitability of signal processing, to give
the required output for use in a control system and/or display
• Selection of appropriate signal processing
• take the output signal from the sensor and modify to match with display or to be
suitable for control of some device.
• Identification of the required display/storage/transmission
• considering the form of display and any data storage

Why do we need to store and display data?


How to built temperature measurement
User Requirement: Determination of temperature
of a liquid in the range 0 to 100°C where only rough
accuracy is required. The situation might be the  𝑅𝑇
determination of the temperature of the cooling
water for a car engine and its display as a pointer
moving across a scale marked to indicate safe and  𝑅𝑉
unsafe operating temperatures.
Solution:  𝑅 𝑃

Sensor – thermistor
Signal Processing - resistance change converts into a
voltage where a meter will be put across the resistors.
Display - Voltmeter
Temperature measurement - Selection of
components
• Suppose
  we use a 4.7 kΩ bead thermistor. This has a resistance of 4.7 kΩ at 25°C,
15.28 kΩ at 0°C and 0.33 kΩ at 100°C. The maximum power that the thermistor
can withstand is specified as 250 mW (from datasheet)
• The variable resistor might be 0-10 kΩ.
• Protective resistor - to prevent large current passed through the thermistor if
variable resistor was set to zero resistance.
Temperature measurement (cont.)
•Power
  Dissipated = I2/R ; (if we want this to be significantly below the
maximum possible, say 100 mW),
0.100

• What is the output voltage when:


• Temperature of thermistor = 0°C
• RV=5k
• RP=15?
An Absolute Pressure Measurement
• User requirement: Measurement of the manifold absolute pressure in
a car engine as part of the electronic control of engine power
• Sensor: diaphragm pressure gauge

• Signal Processing: Wheatstone bridge


• Display: Meter
Measurement of Relative Humidity
• User Requirement: Direct measurement of relative humidity without the need for
the operator to use tables to convert temperature values to relative humidity
• Sensor: A capacitive humidity sensor
• It consists of an aluminium substrate with its top surface oxidised to form a porous
layer of aluminium oxide. On top of the oxide a very thin gold layer is deposited,
this being permeable to water vapour.
• Electrical connections are made to the gold layer and the aluminium substrate, the
arrangement being a capacitor with an aluminium oxide dielectric. Water vapour
enters the pores of the aluminium oxide and changes its dielectric constant and
hence the capacitance of the capacitor. The capacitance thus gives a measure of
the amount of water vapour present in the air.
Measurement of Relative Humidity (Cont.)
Data Acquisition Systems
• Data acquisition is the process by which data from sensors is transformed
into electrical signals that are converted into digital form for processing
and analysis by a computer. A data acquisition system (DAQ) will thus
include:
1. Sensors
2. Signal processing to get the signal into the required form and size for the
data acquisition hardware
3. Data acquisition hardware to collect and convert analogue signals to
digital format and digital signals for transfer to the computer
4. A computer which is loaded with data acquisition software to enable
analysis and display of the data
Data Acquisition (cont.)
• Analogue inputs from sensors are accessed through multiplexer and
amplified.
• ADC converts amplified sampled signal to digital signal
• Control element – control multiplexer so that each of the inputs is
sequentially sampled or perhaps samples are taken at regular time
intervals.
• Bus acquisition unit - bus interface element which contains two
registers (memory locations in microprocessor) the control and status
register and the data register.
Data Acquisition Software
• The software for use with a data acquisition system can be specially
written for the data acquisition hardware concerned, developed using
off-the-shelf software that is provided with the hardware used, or
developed using a general package which provides a graphical
interface for programming, e.g. LabVIEW (by National Instrument)
Data Loggers
• Record sensors readings in locally.
• Provide digital signal outputs on a display.
• They often can provide feeds to send data to computers over a
common bus or transfer to them on a portable memory card.
Testing
• In order to ensure that when a measurement system is installed it will
correctly function, testing is required.
1. Pre-installation testing
• Testing of each instrument and element for correct calibration and operation
before installation
2. Cabling and piping testing
• All the instrument cables should be checked for continuity and insulation
resistance prior to the connection of any instruments or elements of the system.
3. Pre-commissioning
• This involves testing that the measurement system installation is complete, all
the instrument and other components are in full operational order when
interconnected and all control room panels or displays function.
End of Chapter 3

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