GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING – II

(FOUNDATION ENGINEERING)

LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE

Prepared by:
MC-LLOYD G. SARATE
Lateral Earth Pressure
is the pressure that soil exerts in the horizontal direction

Importance
• affects the consolidation behavior and strength of the
soil
• considered in the design of geotechnical engineering
structures such as retaining walls, basements, tunnels,
deep foundations and braced excavations
Coefficient of at Rest Earth Pressure
.
A. Normally Consolidated Soil

Ko = 1 - Sin θ

Where:

Ko = coefficient of at rest earth pressure

(normally consolidated soil)

θ = angle of internal friction

Coefficient of at Rest Earth Pressure
• θ
B. Over Consolidated Soil

Ko = (1 - Sin θ) √ OCR

Where:

Ko = coefficient of at rest earth pressure

(over consolidated soil)

OCR = present overconsolidated ratio

Coefficient of at Rest Earth Pressure

C. For Normally Consolidated Clays; whose Plasticity index is

unknown

(BROOKER AND IRELAND’S FORMULA)

1. For plasticity index 0 and 40

Ko = 0.4 + 0.007 (P.I.)

2. For plasticity index (40 and 80)

Ko = 0.64 + 0.001 (P.I.)
At Rest Pressure on the Wall

. 1. Without Surcharge

σ = γs hKo
γs = unit wt. of soil
F = γs hKo
h h 2
F

σ = γs hKo
 At Rest Pressure on the Wall

• / 2. With Surcharge

q Ko
q = surcharge (kPa)
σ = Ko (q + γs h)
F1
h h F = q Ko h
F2
F = γs h² Ko
q Ko γs hKo
2
σ = Ko(q + γs h)
At Rest Pressure on the Wall
• .
3. With Surcharge and Water Table
γ ’ = γsat - γw
q (kPa)

q Ko
σ = Ko [q + γs h1 + γ h2] + γw h2
γs h1 γs h1 Ko
h1
γ ’ h2 = (γsat - γw) h2
h Water table

h2 γsat h2 + h2

Ko(q+ γs h1) γ’ h2 γw h2
Rankine Active Pressure with a
Horizontal Backfill
Rankine Active Pressure Coefficient
Ka = 1 – Sin θ
1. Non Cohesive Soil 1 + Sin θ

Ka = tan² (45 – θ/2)

F
h h
Active pressure Active force
σ = γs h Ka
F = γs h² Ka
σ = γs hKo 2
Rankine Active Pressure with a
Horizontal Backfill
2. Cohesive Soil

Rankine Active Pressure Coefficient

h h

γs Ka -2c √Ka
A. Before tensile crack occurs:
Active pressure

σ = γs h Ka - 2c √Ka

Active force before tensile crack occurs

F = 1 γs h² Ka - 2c √Ka
2
B. After tensile crack occurs:
Depth of crack
l z z = 2c
γs √Ka

Active force after tensile crack occurs

h-z
F = γs h² Ka - 2c √Ka h – z 1
2
γs h Ka - 2c √Ka
 Rankine Passive Earth Pressure with a
Horizontal Backfill Rankine passive earth pressure
.Direction of wall movement coefficient
Kp = tan² 45 + θ
45-θ/2
x 2c √Kp 2

Kp = 1 + Sin θ
h 1 - Sin θ

Passive force per unit length of

wall
2c √Kp + γ h √Ka F = 1 γs h² Kp + 2c h √Kp
2
Rankine Active Pressure for Inclined
Backfill
.
A. For Cohesionless Soil

h Pa
α
h/3
Rankine Active Earth Pressure
Coefficient
.
Ka = Cos α x Cos α - √(Cos² α - Cos² θ)
Cos α + √(Cos² α - Cos² θ)
α = angle that the backfill makes with the horizontal
θ = angle of friction of soil

Rankine Active Force for Inlined

Backfill Pa = 1 γs h² Ka
2
Rankine Active Pressure for Inclined
Backfill
.
B. For Cohesive Soil

H Pa
h
α
h/3 σα α
 B. For Cohesive Soil

1. Z = DEPTH OF TENSILE CRACK 3. RESULTANT ACTIVE FORCE

AFTER CRACK OCCURS
z = 2c 1 + Sin θ
γ 1 – Sin θ Pa = 1 γ H Ka’ COS α h
C = cohesion of backfill in kPa 2
γ = unit wt. of cohesive backfill in kN/m h=H–z
θ = angle of friction of cohesive backfill Ka’ = active pressure
coefficient for cohesive
backfill
2. σα = ACTIVE PRESSURE AT DEPTH H Pa = active force alter
crack occurs

σα = γ H Ka’ Cos α
 Values of K’ a
θ’ α C
(deg) (deg)
γ z
0.025 0.05 0.1 0.5
0 0.550 0.512 0.435 - 0.179
. 15 5 0.566 0.525 0.445 - 0.184
10 0.621 0.571 0.477 - 0.186
15 0.776 0.683 0.546 - 0.196
0 0.455 0.420 0.350 - 0.210
20 5 0.465 0.429 0.357 - 0.212
10 0.497 0.456 0.377 - 0.218
15 0.567 0.514 0.417 - 0.229
0 0.374 0.342 0.278 - 0.231
25 5 0.381 0.348 0.283 - 0.233
10 0.402 0.366 0.296 - 0.239
15 0.443 0.401 0.321 - 0.2.50
0 0.305 0.276 0.218 - 0.244
30 5 0.309 0.280 0.221 - 0.246
10 0.323 0.292 0.230 - 0.252
15 0.315 0.315 0.246 - 0.263
Rankine Passive Earth Pressure for
Inclined Backfill
.
A. For Cohesionless Soil

α h/3
Pp
Rankine Passive Earth Pressure
Coefficient :
.
Kp = Cos α x Cos α + √(Cos² α - Cos² θ)
Cos α - √(Cos² α - Cos² θ)
α = angle that the backfill makes with the horizontal
θ = angle of friction of soil

Rankine Passive Force on Wall with

Inclined Backfill
Pp = 1 γs h² Kp
2
Rankine Passive Force on the Wall
with Inclined Backfill
.
B. For Cohesive Soil
K’p = passive earth pressure
coefficient
Pp = 1 γ H² K’p
2 α α = angle the backfill makes
with the horizontal
z
σα σ = angle of friction of soil
H Pp
c = cohesion of soil
α
h/3
α
σα = γ z K’p Cos α
 Values of K’ p
θ’ α C
(deg) (deg)
γ z
0.025 0.050 0.100 0.500
0 1.764 1.829 1.959 3.002
. 15 5 1.716 1.783 1.917 2.971
10 1.564 1.641 1.788 2.880
15 1.251 1.370 1.561 2.732
0 2.111 2.182 2.325 3.468
20 5 2.067 2.140 2.285 3.435
10 1.932 2.010 2.162 3.339
15 1.696 1.786 1.956 3.183
0 2.542 2.621 2.778 4.034
25 5 2.499 2.578 2.737 3.999
10 2.368 2.450 2.614 3.895
15 2.147 2.236 2.409 3.726
0 3.087 3.173 3.346 4.732
30 5 3.042 3.129 3.303 4.674
10 2.907 2.996 3.174 4.579
15 2.684 2.777 2.961 4.394
 Coulomb’s Active Force on a
Horizontal Backfill
β = 90 α=0

h δ = wall friction angle

δ θ = angle of internal friction of soil

h/3
Pa
Pa = γs h² Ka
2
Kp = Sin² (β + θ)
Sin² β Sin(β - δ) 1 + Sin (θ + δ) Sin (θ - α) ²
Sin (β - δ) Sin (α + β)
 Coulomb’s Passive Force on a
Horizontal Backfill
β = 90 α=0

Pp h δ = wall friction angle

δ
θ = angle of internal friction of soil
h/3

Pp = γs h² Kp
2
Kp = Sin² (β - θ)
Sin² β Sin(β + δ) 1 - Sin (θ + δ) Sin (θ + α) ²
Sin (β + δ) Sin (α + β)
 Coulomb’s Active Earth Pressure
for Inclined Backfill
. α β = angle the back face is inclined
with the horizontal

δ = wall friction angle

h
θ = angle of internal friction
h/3
δ β Coulomb’s Passive Force
Pa = 1 γsh²Ka
Pa

Coulomb’s Passive coefficient 2

Ka = Sin² (β + θ)
Sin² β Sin(β - δ) 1 + Sin (θ + δ) Sin (θ - α) ²
Sin (β - δ) Sin (α + β)
 Coulomb’s Passive Earth
Pressure for Inclined Backfill
.
α
Coulomb’s Passive Force
Pp = 1 γsh²Kp
Pp

h 2
δ
h/3
β

Coulomb’s Passive pressure coefficient

Kp = Sin² (β + θ)
Sin² β Sin(β - δ) 1 - Sin (θ + δ) Sin (θ + α) ²
Sin (β - δ) Sin (α + β)
FAILURE WEDGE OF RETAINING
WALL
. A. Active Pressure: B. Passive Pressure:

α
Raptured Raptured
zone zone

Failure wedge Failure wedge

H H

β = 45+ θ/2 β = 45 - θ/2

. C. Active Pressure: D. Passive Pressure:

α α
Raptured Raptured
zone zone

Failure wedge
H H Failure wedge

β = 45+ θ/2 β = 45 - θ/2

• E.. Active Pressure: F. Passive Pressure:

Surcharge Surcharge

Raptured Raptured
zone zone

Failure wedge Failure wedge

H

β = 45+ θ/2 β = 45 - θ/2

THANK YOU!