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Some Important Amplifier parameters
Voltage gain
Current gain
Input Impedance
Output Impedance
Bandwidth
These parameters are nearly constant for a given
amplifier.
But some times we need to change these parameters.
This can be achieved by a technique known as
FEEDBACK
FEEDBACK
When a part of output is combined to the
input, feedback is said to be exist.
Thus the process of combining output energy
or signal (current or voltage) back to the input
is known as feedback.
It is of 2 types.
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
-ve Feedback +ve Feedback
Output signal is out of phase Output signal is in phase with
with the input signal. the input signal.
Due to this, magnitude of Due to this, magnitude of
input signal reduces. input signal increases.
Otherwise called Otherwise called
Degenerative or Inverse FB. Regenerative or Direct FB.
Comparison of Feedbacks
-ve Feedback +ve Feedback
Advantages: Advantages:
Gain Stabilization Increase in Gain
Reduction in Distortion
Reduction in Noise
Increase in Input Impedance
Decrease in Output Impedance
Increase in range of uniform
amplification.
Advantages of Feedback(s)
Increase in Distortion
Reduction in Gain Decrease in Stability.
-ve Feedback +ve Feedback
Disadvantage of +ve Feedback
SIMPLE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
+
Vin A Vo RL
βVo β
Vs
Vs + vf
Vo
AMPLIFIER WITH SAMPLING
GAIN RL
NETWORK
Vi
A
Mixer or
Comparator
FEEDBACK NETWORK
WITH GAIN β
Vf
TOPICS
Derivation of equation for closed loop voltage gain or
transfer gain
Proof for Advantages of Feedback
Classification of feedback amplifiers
Topologies based on samplers and mixers
SIMPLE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AMPLIFIER WITHOUT
FEEDBACK
AMPLIFIER +
Vin WITH GAIN Vo
‘A’
-
A= Open Loop voltage gain of an amplifier
β = voltage gain of feedback network
Af = closed loop voltage gain of an amplifier
Advantages of –ve Feedback
• Transfer Gain
• Increase in BW
• Decrease in Distortion
• Decrease in Noise
• Increase in Stability
• BACK
bandwidth
Range of frequencies for which an amplifier
provides best performance is called BW.
Two frequencies take part in this bandwidth
f
Lower cut-off frequency ( 1)and Upper cut-
f
off frequency ( 2)
BW = 2f -f 1
EFFECT OF fb ON
BANDWIDTH
Af = closed loop voltage gain of an amplifier
β = voltage gain of feedback network
Am = gain of amplifier at mid frequency
Al = gain of amplifier at low frequencies
Ah = gain of amplifier at high frequencies
f1 = lower cut off frequency of amplifier without FB
f2 = higher cut off frequency of amplifier without FB
Large signal is applied such that transistor is slightly out
of linear operation.
Due to this, output signal is slightly distorted.
Now if –ve feedback is introduced in the circuit, voltage
gain slightly reduces.
Output signal amplitude remains the same.
Now if we measure distortion in both the cases, it can be
found that it is reduced by a factor of (1+Aβ).
D ́= D/ (1+Aβ)
BACK
Noise always exist in an amplifier
With the application of feedback, magnitude of
noise reduces by (1+Aβ) similar to distortion.
N ́= N/ (1+Aβ)
BACK
OHP SHEET NO-3
Sensitivity is now defined as the ratio of percentage
change in voltage gain with feedback to the ratio of
percentage change in voltage gain without feedback.
De-sensitivity is the inverse of sensitivity.
BACK
Depending upon the magnitudes of input
impedance and output impedance w.r.t source
resistance (Rs) and load resistance (RL),
amplifiers are classified into four types.
› Voltage Amplifiers
› Current Amplifiers
› Trans-conductance Amplifiers
› Trans-resistance Amplifiers
› Voltage Amplifiers:
Output Voltage Vo is proportional to signal voltage Vs.
Refer OHP sheet – 4
› Current Amplifiers:
Output Current (Io) or (IL) is proportional to signal current
Is.
Refer OHP Sheet – 4
› Trans-conductance Amplifiers:
Output Current (Io) or (IL) is proportional to input
voltage Vs.
Refer OHP Sheet – 5
› Trans-resistance Amplifiers:
Output Voltage Vo is proportional to input signal current Is.
Refer OHP Sheet – 5
BACK
Feedback topologies
VOLTAGE SERIES
VOLTAGE SHUNT
CURRENT SERIES
CURRENT SHUNT
VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK
Vs
Vs + vf
Vo
MIXER OR AMPLIFIER WITH SAMPLING
COMPARATOR GAIN RL
NETWORK
Vi A
FEEDBACK NETWORK
WITH GAIN β
Vf
