1

Chapter 5 - Pointers and Strings

Outline
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization
5.3 Pointer Operators
5.4 Calling Functions by Reference
5.7 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic
5.8 Relationship Between Pointers and Arrays
5.12 Introduction to Character and String Processing
5.12.1 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings
5.12.2 String Manipulation Functions of the String-
Handling Library

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 2

5.1 Introduction

• Pointers
– Powerful, but difficult to master
– Simulate pass-by-reference
– Close relationship with arrays and strings

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 3
5.2 Pointer Variable Declarations and
Initialization
• Pointer variables
– Contain memory addresses as values count

7
– Normally, variable contains specific value (direct reference)
  – Pointers contain address of variable that has specific value
(indirect reference) countPtr count
7
• Indirection
– Referencing value through pointer
• Pointer declarations
– * indicates variable is pointer
int *myPtr;
declares pointer to int, pointer of type int *
– Multiple pointers require multiple asterisks
int *myPtr1, *myPtr2;

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 4
5.2 Pointer Variable Declarations and
Initialization
• Can declare pointers to any data type
• Pointer initialization
– Initialized to 0, NULL, or address
• 0 or NULL points to nothing

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 5

5.3 Pointer Operators

• & (address operator)

– Returns memory address of its operand
– Example
int y = 5;
int *yPtr;
yPtr = &y; // yPtr gets address of y
– yPtr “points to” y

y yptr y
5 500000 600000 600000 5
yPtr

address of y
is value of
yptr

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 6

5.3 Pointer Operators

• * (indirection/dereferencing operator)
– Returns synonym for object its pointer operand points to
– i.e.:cout<<*yPtr<<endl;
– and cout<<y<<endl; returns the same value (value of y)
– *yPtr returns y (because yPtr points to y).
– a dereferenced pointer can also be used as an lvalue
*yptr = 9; // assigns 9 to y
• * and & are inverses of each other

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 7
1 // Fig. 5.4: fig05_04.cpp
2 // Using the & and * operators.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig05_04.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 2)
6 using std::endl;
7
8 int main()
9 {
10 int a; // a is an integer
11 int *aPtr; // aPtr is a pointer to an integer
12
13 a = 7;
14 aPtr = &a; // aPtr assigned address of a
15
16 cout << "The address of a is " << &a
17 << "\nThe value of aPtr is " << aPtr;
18
19 cout << "\n\nThe value of a is " << a
20 << "\nThe value of *aPtr is " << *aPtr; * and & are inverses
21 of each other
22 cout << "\n\nShowing that * and & are inverses of "
23 << "each other.\n&*aPtr = " << &*aPtr
24 << "\n*&aPtr = " << *&aPtr << endl;
25

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 8
26 return 0; // indicates successful termination
27
Outline
28 } // end main

fig05_04.cpp
The address of a is 0012FED4
(2 of 2)
The value of aPtr is 0012FED4
 
The value of a is 7
fig05_04.cpp
The value of *aPtr is 7 output (1 of 1)
 
Showing that * and & are inverses of each other.
&*aPtr = 0012FED4
*&aPtr = 0012FED4 * and & are inverses; same
result when both applied to
aPtr

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 9

5.4 Calling Functions by Reference

• 3 ways to pass arguments to function

– Pass-by-value
– Pass-by-reference with reference arguments
– Pass-by-reference with pointer arguments
• return can return one value from function
• Arguments passed to function using reference
arguments
– Modify original values of arguments
– More than one value “returned”

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 10

5.4 Calling Functions by Reference

• Pass-by-reference with pointer arguments

– Simulate pass-by-reference
• Use pointers and indirection operator
– Pass address of argument using & operator
– Arrays not passed with & because array name already pointer
– * operator used as alias/nickname for variable inside of
function

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 11
1 // Fig. 5.6: fig05_06.cpp
2 // Cube a variable using pass-by-value.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig05_06.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 2)
6 using std::endl;
7
8 int cubeByValue( int ); // prototype
9
10 int main()
11 {
12 int number = 5;
13
14 Pass
cout << "The original value of number is " << number by value;
number; result
15 returned by
16 // pass number by value to cubeByValue cubeByValue
17 number = cubeByValue( number );
18
19 cout << "\nThe new value of number is " << number << endl;
20
21 return 0; // indicates successful termination
22
23 } // end main
24

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 12
25 // calculate and return cube of integer argument
26 int cubeByValue( int n )
Outline
27 {
28 cubeByValue
return n * n * n; // cube local variable receives
n and return result
parameter passed-by-value fig05_06.cpp
29
(2 of 2)
30 } // end function cubeByValue

The original value of number is 5

Cubes and returns fig05_06.cpp
The new value of number is 125 local variable n output (1 of 1)

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 13
1 // Fig. 5.7: fig05_07.cpp
2 // Cube a variable using pass-by-reference
Outline
3 // with a pointer argument.
4 #include <iostream>
fig05_07.cpp
5
Prototype indicates parameter (1 of 2)
6 using std::cout;
7 using std::endl;
is pointer to int
8
9 void cubeByReference( int * ); // prototype
10
11 int main()
12 {
13 int number = 5;
14
Apply address operator & to
15 cout << "The original value of number is " << number;
16
pass address of number to
17 cubeByReference
// pass address of number to cubeByReference
18 cubeByReference( &number );
19
20 cout << "\nThe new value of number is " << number << endl;
21
22 return 0; // indicates successful termination
cubeByReference
23
modified variable
24 } // end main
25
number

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 14
26 // calculate cube of *nPtr; modifies variable number in main
27 void cubeByReference( int *nPtr )
Outline
28 {
29 *nPtr = *nPtr * *nPtr * *nPtr; // cube *nPtr
cubeByReference fig05_07.cpp
30
receives address of int (2 of 2)
31 } // end function cubeByReference
variable,
i.e., pointer to an int fig05_07.cpp
The original value of number is 5
The new value of number is 125
output (1 of 1)
Modify and access int
variable using indirection
operator *

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 15

5.7 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic

• Pointer arithmetic
– Increment/decrement pointer (++ or --)
– Add/subtract an integer to/from a pointer( + or += , - or -=)
– Pointers may be subtracted from each other
– Pointer arithmetic meaningless unless performed on pointer to
array
 
• 5 element int array on a machine using 4 byte ints

location
3000 3004 3008 3012 3016

v[0] v[1] v[2] v[3] v[4]

pointer variable vPtr

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 16

– int v[5]
– vPtr = v or vPtr = &v[0]
– vPtr points to first element v[ 0 ], which is at location
3000
vPtr = 3000
– vPtr += 2; sets vPtr to 3008
vPtr points to v[ 2 ]

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 17

In conventional arithmetic, the addition

3000+2 yields the value 3002. Not the case
with pointer arithmetic. When an integer
is added to or subtracted from a pointer,
the pointer is not simply incremented or
decremented by that integer, BUT by that
integer times the size of the object which
the pointer refers.

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 18

5.7 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic

• Subtracting pointers
– Returns number of elements between two addresses
vPtr2 = v[ 2 ];
vPtr = v[ 0 ];
vPtr2 - vPtr == 2
• Pointer assignment
– Pointer can be assigned to another pointer if both of same
type
– If not same type, cast operator must be used
– Exception: pointer to void (type void *)
• Generic pointer, represents any type
• No casting needed to convert pointer to void pointer
• void pointers cannot be dereferenced

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 19

5.7 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic

• Pointer comparison
– Use equality and relational operators
– Comparisons meaningless unless pointers point to members
of same array
– Compare addresses stored in pointers
– Example: could show that one pointer points to higher
numbered element of array than other pointer
– Common use to determine whether pointer is 0 (does not
point to anything)

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 20

5.8 Relationship Between Pointers and Arrays

• Arrays and pointers closely related

– Array name like constant pointer
– Pointers can do array subscripting operations
• Accessing array elements with pointers
– Element b[ n ] can be accessed by *( bPtr + n )
• Called pointer/offset notation
– Addresses
• &b[ 3 ] same as bPtr + 3
– Array name can be treated as pointer
• b[ 3 ] same as *( b + 3 )
– Pointers can be subscripted (pointer/subscript notation)
• bPtr[ 3 ] same as b[ 3 ]

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 21
1 // Fig. 5.20: fig05_20.cpp
2 // Using subscripting and pointer notations with arrays.
Outline
3
4 #include <iostream>
fig05_20.cpp
5
(1 of 2)
6 using std::cout;
7 using std::endl;
8
9 int main()
10 {
11 int b[] = { 10, 20, 30, 40 };
12 int *bPtr = b; // set bPtr to point to array b
13
14 // output array b using array subscript notation
15 cout << "Array b printed with:\n"
16 << "Array subscript notation\n";
Using array subscript
17 notation.
18 for ( int i = 0; i < 4; i++ )
19 cout << "b[" << i << "] = " << b[ i ] << '\n';
20
21 // output array b using the array name and
22 // pointer/offset notation
23 cout << "\nPointer/offset notation where "
24 << "the pointer is the array name\n";
25

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 22
26 for ( int offset1 = 0; offset1 < 4; offset1++ )
27 cout << "*(b + " << offset1 << ") = "
Outline
28 << *( b + offset1 ) << '\n';
29
fig05_20.cpp
30 // output array b using bPtr and array subscript notation
Using array name and (2 of 2)
31 cout << "\nPointer subscript notation\n";
pointer/offset notation.
32
33 for ( int j = 0; j < 4; j++ )
34 cout << "bPtr[" << j << "] = " << bPtr[ j ] << '\n';
35
36 cout << "\nPointer/offset notation\n";
37
Using pointer subscript
38 // output array b using bPtr and pointer/offset notation notation.
39 for ( int offset2 = 0; offset2 < 4; offset2++ )
40 cout << "*(bPtr + " << offset2 << ") = "
41 << *( bPtr + offset2 ) << '\n';
42
43 return 0; // indicates successful termination
44 Using bPtr and
45 } // end main
pointer/offset notation.

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 23
Array b printed with:
 
Outline
Array subscript notation
b[0] = 10
fig05_20.cpp
b[1] = 20
output (1 of 1)
b[2] = 30
b[3] = 40
 
Pointer/offset notation where the pointer is the array name
*(b + 0) = 10
*(b + 1) = 20
*(b + 2) = 30
*(b + 3) = 40

Pointer subscript notation

bPtr[0] = 10
bPtr[1] = 20
bPtr[2] = 30
bPtr[3] = 40
 
Pointer/offset notation
*(bPtr + 0) = 10
*(bPtr + 1) = 20
*(bPtr + 2) = 30
*(bPtr + 3) = 40

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 24
1 // Fig. 5.21: fig05_21.cpp
2 // Copying a string using array notation
Outline
3 // and pointer notation.
4 #include <iostream>
fig05_21.cpp
5
(1 of 2)
6 using std::cout;
7 using std::endl;
8
9 void copy1( char *, const char * ); // prototype
10 void copy2( char *, const char * ); // prototype
11
12 int main()
13 {
14 char string1[ 10 ];
15 char *string2 = "Hello";
16 char string3[ 10 ];
17 char string4[] = "Good Bye";
18
19 copy1( string1, string2 );
20 cout << "string1 = " << string1 << endl;
21
22 copy2( string3, string4 );
23 cout << "string3 = " << string3 << endl;
24
25 return 0; // indicates successful termination

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 25
26
27 } // end main
Outline
28
29 // copy s2 to s1 using array notation
Use array subscript notation
to copy string in s2 to fig05_21.cpp
30 void copy1( char *s1, const char *s2 )
character array s1. (2 of 2)
31 {
32 for ( int i = 0; ( s1[ i ] = s2[ i ] ) != '\0'; i++ )
33 ; // do nothing in body fig05_21.cpp
34 output (1 of 1)
35 } // end function copy1
36
37 Use pointer notation to copy
// copy s2 to s1 using pointer notation
38 string
void copy2( char *s1, const char *s2 ) in s2 to character array
39 { in s1.
40 for ( ; ( *s1 = *s2 ) != '\0'; s1++, s2++ )
41 ; // do nothing in body
42
43 } // end function copy2
Increment both pointers to
string1 = Hello point to next elements in
string3 = Good Bye corresponding arrays.

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 26

5.12.1 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings

• Character constant
– Integer value represented as character in single quotes
– 'z' is integer value of z
• 122 in ASCII
• String
– Series of characters treated as single unit
– Can include letters, digits, special characters +, -, * ...
– String literal (string constants)
• Enclosed in double quotes, for example:
"I like C++"
– Array of characters, ends with null character '\0'
– String is constant pointer
• Pointer to string’s first character
– Like arrays
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 27

5.12.1 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings

• String assignment
– Character array
• char color[] = "blue";
– Creates 5 element char array color
• last element is '\0'
– Variable of type char *
• char *colorPtr = "blue";
– Creates pointer colorPtr to letter b in string “blue”
• “blue” somewhere in memory
– Alternative for character array
• char color[] = { ‘b’, ‘l’, ‘u’, ‘e’, ‘\0’ };

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 28

5.12.1 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings

• Reading strings
– Assign input to character array word[ 20 ]
cin >> word
• Reads characters until whitespace or EOF
• String could exceed array size
cin >> setw( 20 ) >> word;
The previous statement specifies that cin
should read a maximum of 19 characters
into array word and save the 20th
location in the array to store the
terminating null character.
• Reads 19 characters (space reserved for '\0')

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 29

5.12.1 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings

• cin.getline
– Read line of text
– takes 3 arguments
• a character array in which the line is to be stored
• a length
• a delimiter character
– cin.getline( array, size, delimiter );
– Copies input into specified array until either
• One less than size is reached
• delimiter character is input
– Example
char sentence[ 80 ];
cin.getline( sentence, 80, '\n' );

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 30
5.12.2 String Manipulation Functions of the
String-handling Library
• String handling library <cstring> provides
functions to
– Manipulate string data
– Compare strings
– Search strings for characters and other strings

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 31
5.12.2 String Manipulation Functions of the
String-handling Library
char *strcpy( char *s1, const Copies the string s2 into the character
char *s2 ); array s1. The value of s1 is returned.
char *strncpy( char *s1, const Copies at most n characters of the string s2
char *s2, size_t n ); into the character array s1. The value of s1 is
returned.
char *strcat( char *s1, const Appends the string s2 to the string s1. The
char *s2 ); first character of s2 overwrites the terminating
null character of s1. The value of s1 is
returned.
char *strncat( char *s1, const Appends at most n characters of string s2 to
char *s2, size_t n ); string s1. The first character of s2 overwrites
the terminating null character of s1. The value
of s1 is returned.

int strcmp( const char *s1, Compares the string s1 with the string s2. The
const char *s2 ); function returns a value of zero, less than zero
or greater than zero if s1 is equal to, less than
or greater than s2, respectively.

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 32
5.12.2 String Manipulation Functions of the
String-handling Library
int strncmp( const char *s1, const Compares up to n characters of the string
char *s2, size_t n ); s1 with the string s2. The function returns
zero, less than zero or greater than zero if
s1 is equal to, less than or greater than s2,
respectively.
size_t strlen( const char *s ); Determines the length of string s. The
number of characters preceding the
terminating null character is returned.

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 33
5.12.2 String Manipulation Functions of the
String-handling Library
• Copying strings
– char *strcpy( char *s1, const char *s2 )
• Copies second argument into first argument
– First argument must be large enough to store string and
terminating null character
– char *strncpy( char *s1, const char *s2,
size_t n )
• Specifies number of characters to be copied from string into
array
• Does not necessarily copy terminating null character

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 34
1 // Fig. 5.28: fig05_28.cpp
2 // Using strcpy and strncpy.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
<cstring> contains fig05_28.cpp
5 using std::cout;
prototypes for strcpy and (1 of 2)
6 using std::endl;
7 strncpy.
8 #include <cstring> // prototypes for strcpy and strncpy
9
10 int main()
11 {
12 char x[] = "Happy Birthday to You";
13 char y[ 25 ];
Copy entire string in array x
14 char z[ 15 ]; into array y.
15
16 strcpy( y, x ); // copy contents of x into y
17
18 cout << "The string in array x is: " << x
19
Copy first 14 characters of
<< "\nThe string in array y is: " << y << '\n';
20 Appendarray x into array
terminating nully. Note that
21 // copy first 14 characters of x into zthis does not write terminating
character.
22 strncpy( z, x, 14 ); // does not copy null
nullcharacter.
character
23 z[ 14 ] = '\0'; // append '\0' to z's contents
24
25 cout << "The string in array z is: " << z << endl;

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 35
26
27 return 0; // indicates successful termination
Outline
28 String to copy.
29 } // end main Copied string using strcpy.
Copied first 14fig05_28.cpp
characters
The string in array x is: Happy Birthday to You using strncpy. (2 of 2)
The string in array y is: Happy Birthday to You
The string in array z is: Happy Birthday fig05_28.cpp
output (1 of 1)

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 36
5.12.2 String Manipulation Functions of the
String-handling Library
• Concatenating strings
– char *strcat( char *s1, const char *s2 )
• Appends second argument to first argument
• First character of second argument replaces null character
terminating first argument
• Ensure first argument large enough to store concatenated result
and null character
– char *strncat( char *s1, const char *s2,
size_t n )
• Appends specified number of characters from second
argument to first argument
• Appends terminating null character to result

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 37
1 // Fig. 5.29: fig05_29.cpp
2 // Using strcat and strncat.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
<cstring> contains fig05_29.cpp
5 using std::cout;
prototypes for strcat and (1 of 2)
6 using std::endl;
7 strncat.
8 #include <cstring> // prototypes for strcat and strncat
9
10 int main()
11 {
12 char s1[ 20 ] = "Happy ";
13 char s2[] = "New Year ";
14 char s3[ 40 ] = "";
Append s2 to s1.
15
16 cout << "s1 = " << s1 << "\ns2 = " << s2;
17
18 strcat( s1, s2 ); // concatenate s2 to s1
19
20 cout << "\n\nAfter strcat(s1, s2):\ns1 = " << s1
21 << "\ns2 = " << s2; Append first 6 characters of
22 s1 to s3.
23 // concatenate first 6 characters of s1 to s3
24 strncat( s3, s1, 6 ); // places '\0' after last character
25

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 38
26 cout << "\n\nAfter strncat(s3, s1, 6):\ns1 = " << s1
27 << "\ns3 = " << s3;
Append s1 to s3. Outline
28
29 strcat( s3, s1 ); // concatenate s1 to s3
fig05_29.cpp
30 cout << "\n\nAfter strcat(s3, s1):\ns1 = " << s1
(2 of 2)
31 << "\ns3 = " << s3 << endl;
32
33 return 0; // indicates successful termination fig05_29.cpp
34 output (1 of 1)
35 } // end main

s1 = Happy
s2 = New Year
 
After strcat(s1, s2):
s1 = Happy New Year
s2 = New Year
 
After strncat(s3, s1, 6):
s1 = Happy New Year
s3 = Happy
 
After strcat(s3, s1):
s1 = Happy New Year
s3 = Happy Happy New Year

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 39
5.12.2 String Manipulation Functions of the
String-handling Library
• Comparing strings
– Characters represented as numeric codes
• Strings compared using numeric codes
– Character codes / character sets
• ASCII
– “American Standard Code for Information Interchange”
• EBCDIC
– “Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code”

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 40
5.12.2 String Manipulation Functions of the
String-handling Library
• Comparing strings
– int strcmp( const char *s1, const char
*s2 )
• Compares character by character
• Returns
– Zero if strings equal
– Negative value if first string less than second string
– Positive value if first string greater than second string
– int strncmp( const char *s1,
const char *s2, size_t n )
• Compares up to specified number of characters
• Stops comparing if reaches null character in one of arguments

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 41
1 // Fig. 5.30: fig05_30.cpp
2 // Using strcmp and strncmp.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig05_30.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 2)
6 using std::endl;
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
<cstring> contains
10 using std::setw; prototypes for strcmp and
11 strncmp.
12 #include <cstring> // prototypes for strcmp and strncmp
13
14 int main()
15 {
16 char *s1 = "Happy New Year";
17 char *s2 = "Happy New Year";
18 char *s3 = "Happy Holidays";
19 Compare s1 and s2.
20 cout << "s1 = " << s1 << "\ns2 = " << s2
Compare s1 and s3.
21 << "\ns3 = " << s3 << "\n\nstrcmp(s1, s2) = "
22 << setw( 2 ) << strcmp( s1, s2 ) Compare s3 and s1.
23 << "\nstrcmp(s1, s3) = " << setw( 2 )
24 << strcmp( s1, s3 ) << "\nstrcmp(s3, s1) = "
25 << setw( 2 ) << strcmp( s3, s1 );

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 42
26 Compare up to 6 characters of
27 cout <<
Compare
"\n\nstrncmp(s1, s3, 6) = " << s1 and2s3.
setw( )
up to 7 characters of Outline
28 << s1 and s3,
strncmp( s1, s3, 6 ) << "\nstrncmp(s1, s3. 7) = "
29 << setw( 2 ) << strncmp( s1, s3, 7 ) Compare up to 7 characters of
s3 and s1. fig05_30.cpp
30 << "\nstrncmp(s3, s1, 7) = "
(2 of 2)
31 << setw( 2 ) << strncmp( s3, s1, 7 ) << endl;
32
33 return 0; // indicates successful termination fig05_30.cpp
34 output (1 of 1)
35 } // end main

s1 = Happy New Year

s2 = Happy New Year
s3 = Happy Holidays

strcmp(s1, s2) = 0
strcmp(s1, s3) = 1
strcmp(s3, s1) = -1

strncmp(s1, s3, 6) = 0
strncmp(s1, s3, 7) = 1
strncmp(s3, s1, 7) = -1

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 43
5.12.2 String Manipulation Functions of the
String-handling Library
• Determining string lengths
– size_t strlen( const char *s )
– size_t  a type usually: an unsigned int
• Returns number of characters in string
– Terminating null character not included in length

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 44
1 // Fig. 5.32: fig05_32.cpp
2 // Using strlen.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
<cstring> contains fig05_32.cpp
5 using std::cout;
prototype for strlen. (1 of 1)
6 using std::endl;
7
8 #include <cstring> // prototype for strlen
9
10 int main()
11 {
12 char *string1 = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
13 char *string2 = "four";
14 char *string3 = "Boston";
15
16 cout << "The length of \"" << string1
17 << "\" is " << strlen( string1 )
18 << "\nThe length of \"" << string2 Using strlen to determine
19 << "\" is " << strlen( string2 ) length of strings.
20 << "\nThe length of \"" << string3
21 << "\" is " << strlen( string3 ) << endl;
22
23 return 0; // indicates successful termination
24
25 } // end main

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 45
The length of "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" is 26
The length of "four" is 4
Outline
The length of "Boston" is 6

fig05_32.cpp
output (1 of 1)

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.