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Functions: of Several Variables

This document discusses partial derivatives and functions of several variables. It provides examples of finding partial derivatives and using them to solve problems related to maxima, minima, and saddle points. It also gives exercises for students to practice finding partial derivatives and classifying critical points.

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Ashiq Rahman
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
20 views

Functions: of Several Variables

This document discusses partial derivatives and functions of several variables. It provides examples of finding partial derivatives and using them to solve problems related to maxima, minima, and saddle points. It also gives exercises for students to practice finding partial derivatives and classifying critical points.

Uploaded by

Ashiq Rahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• Functions of several Variables

 Partial Derivatives: If , we write

• Rule: To find , regard as a constant and differentiate with respect to and

• To find , regard as a constant and differentiate with respect to .

• Examples:
• Introduction: Page – 914 # 1, 2 ,3, 4.
• Higher Derivatives: Page – 918 # 7, 8.
• Partial Differential Equations: Page – 920 # 9, 10.
• Exercises: Page – 924 # 15, 17, 18, 19, 26, 41, 42. Page – 925 # 59, 60, 63, 64, 65, 76(a, e, f), 78(a, d).
 

Example1 Given . Find .

Example2 , verify the Laplace equation: .

Solution: and (verified)


 
• Exercises: Find first partial derivatives (Page – 924).

15. (part of example1)


Solution:
and

18.
Solution:
and
 

19.
Solution:
and

26.
Solution:
and
 
• Exercises: Find the indicated partial derivatives (Page – 925 ).

42. ,
Solution:
 

59. , verify the Clairaut’s theorem: .


Solution: and

64. ,

Solution:
 

76 (d). Verify Laplace equation

Solution:

and,

(verified)
 
78(c) Given .

Show that the function is a solution of the wave equation .

Solution:

and,

(shown)
  • Maximum and Minimum Values
• Definition:

A function of two variables has a


o local maximum at , if

o local minimum at , if

when is near .

Then is a local maximum value or local minimum value.

• Stationary point or critical point :

A point is called a Critical point (or stationary point) of if

and
  • Maximum and Minimum Values
• Second Derivatives Test
Let be a critical point of and

• If and , then is a local minimum.


• If and , then is a local maximum.
• If , then is not a local maximum or minimum, has a saddle point at .

• If , then no conclusion can be drawn.

 Examples: Page - 961 # 3.

 Exercises for practice Page – 968 # 3, 5, 6, 9, 11.


 
Exercises: Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle point(s) of the functions (Page – 967)

3. ………..(3.1)

Solution: Here, and

For stationary points, and

and

From (3.2) so from (3.3) ,

or

Now putting in (3.3) and in (3.3)


 
Stationary points are and

Stationary points Results

Saddle point

local minimum
 

11. ………..(11.1)

Solution: Here, and

For stationary points,

Now putting in (11.2), and in (11.2),

Stationary points are , and


 

Stationary points Results

Saddle point

Saddle point

local minimum

local maximum
 MCQ
1. If
 (a) (b) (c) (d)
2. If , then find
  (a) (b) (c) (d)

3. If is a critical point of any given function and D(a, b) <0, then (a, b) is a
 (a) (b) (c) (d)

4. If is a critical point and D(a, b)>0 and then at (a, b) there is a


 (a) (b) (c) (d)

5. If , then
 (a) (b) (c) (d)

6. If , then
  (a) (b) (c) (d)

7. If , then is equal to
  (a) (b) (c) (d)

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