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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Receiver

This document provides an overview of a QAM receiver for digital signal processing. It discusses several key receiver subsystems including automatic gain control, carrier detection, symbol clock recovery, channel equalization, and QAM demodulation. The goal of these subsystems is to compensate for channel impairments and mismatches in the transmitter and receiver in order to accurately recover the transmitted symbols. Adaptive techniques like the LMS algorithm are described for tasks like channel equalization.

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Ahmed Hamouda
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
158 views

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Receiver

This document provides an overview of a QAM receiver for digital signal processing. It discusses several key receiver subsystems including automatic gain control, carrier detection, symbol clock recovery, channel equalization, and QAM demodulation. The goal of these subsystems is to compensate for channel impairments and mismatches in the transmitter and receiver in order to accurately recover the transmitted symbols. Adaptive techniques like the LMS algorithm are described for tasks like channel equalization.

Uploaded by

Ahmed Hamouda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE445S Real-Time Digital Signal Processing Lab Spring 2014

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation


(QAM) Receiver

Prof. Brian L. Evans


Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The University of Texas at Austin

Lecture 16
Outline
• Introduction

• Automatic gain control

• Carrier detection

• Symbol clock recovery

• Channel equalization

• QAM demodulation

16 - 2
Introduction
• Channel impairments
Linear and nonlinear distortion of transmitted signal
Additive noise (often assumed to be Gaussian)
• Mismatch in transmitter/receiver analog front ends
• Receiver subsystems to compensate for impairments
Fading Automatic gain control (AGC)
Additive noise Matched filters
Linear distortion Channel equalizer
Carrier mismatch Carrier recovery
Symbol timing mismatch Symbol clock recovery
16 - 3
Baseband QAM
Transmitter i[m]
i[n]
L gT[m]
Index
Bits s[m]
Serial/
Map to 2-D Pulse shapers
s(t)
parallel cos(c m) + D/A
1 J constellation (FIR filters)
converter sin(c m)
q[m]
L samples/symbol
q[n] L gT[m] fs
m sample index
n symbol index
c(t) Carrier
QAM Demodulation iˆ[m] iˆ[n]
Receiver AGC
Detect
X LPF L

r0(t) r1(t) r(t) r[m]


Receive Channel
A/D 2 cos(c m)
Filter Equalizer

qˆ[m] qˆ[n]
Symbol
Carrier recovery
Clock X LPF L
Recovery
is not shown
16 - 4
-2 sin(c m)
Automatic Gain Control
• Scales input voltage to A/D converter c(t)
AGC

Increase gain for low signal level r1(t) r(t) r[m]


Decrease gain for high signal level A/D

• Consider A/D converter with 8-bit signed output


When c(t) is zero, A/D output is 0
When c(t) is infinity, A/D output is -128 or 127
Let f-128, f0 and f127 represent how frequently outputs -128, 0 and
127 occur over a window of previous samples
Each frequency value is between 0 and 1, inclusive
Update: c(t) = (1 + 2 f0 – f-128 – f127) c(t – )
Initial values: f-128 = f0 = f127 = 1 / 256. Zero also works.
16 - 5
Carrier Detection
• Detect energy of received signal (always running)
p[m]  c p[m  1]  (1  c) r 2 [m]
c is a constant where 0 < c < 1 and r[m] is received signal
Let x[m] = r2[m]. What is the transfer function?
What values of c to use?
• If receiver is not currently receiving a signal
If energy detector output is larger than a large threshold,
assume receiving transmission
• If receiver is currently receiving signal, then it
detects when transmission has stopped
If energy detector output is smaller than a smaller threshold,
assume transmission has stopped
16 - 6
Symbol Clock Recovery
• Two single-pole bandpass filters in parallel
One tuned to upper Nyquist frequency u = c + 0.5 sym
Other tuned to lower Nyquist frequency l = c – 0.5 sym
Bandwidth is B/2 (100 Hz for 2400 baud modem) Pole
• A recovery method locations?
Multiply upper bandpass filter output with conjugate of lower
bandpass filter output and take the imaginary value
Sample at symbol rate to estimate timing error  See Reader
v[n]  sin( sym  )   sym  when  sym   1 handout M
Smooth timing error estimate to compute phase advancement
p[n]   p[n  1]   v[n] Lowpass
IIR filter 16 - 7
Channel Equalizer
• Mitigates linear distortion in channel
• When placed after A/D converter
Time domain: shortens channel impulse response
Frequency domain: compensates channel distortion over entire
discrete-time frequency band instead of transmission band
• Ideal channel
z- g
Cascade of delay  and gain g
Impulse response: impulse delayed by with amplitude g
Frequency response: allpass and linear phase (no distortion)
Undo effects by discarding  samples and scaling by 1/g
16 - 8
Channel Equalizer
• IIR equalizer Discrete-Time Baseband System
Ignore noise nm nm
Channel
xm ym Equalizerrm em
Set error em to zero
h + w +
H(z) W(z) = g z- Training +
-
sequence
W(z) = g z-/ H(z) Receiver Ideal Channel
generates
Issues? z- g
xm
• FIR equalizer
Adapt equalizer coefficients when transmitter sends training
sequence to reduce measure of error, e.g. square of em
16 - 9
Adaptive FIR Channel Equalizer
• Simplest case: w[m] = [m] + w1 [m-1]
Two real-valued coefficients w/ first coefficient fixed at one
• Derive update equation for w1 during training
nm
xm Channel ym Equalizerrm em e[m]  r[m]  s[m]
h + w + s[m]  g x[m   ]
Training +-
sequence r[m]  y[m]  w1 y[m  1]
Receiver Ideal Channel
s J LMS [m]
generates m w1 [ m  1]  w1 [ m ]  
z- g w1 w  w [ m ]
xm
1 1

1 2
J
Using least mean squares (LMS) LMS [ m ]  e [ m]
2
Step size 0 <  < 1 w1[m  1]  w1[m]   e[m] y[m  1]
Baseband QAM Demodulation
• Recovers baseband in-phase/quadrature signals
• Assumes perfect AGC, equalizer, symbol recovery
• QAM modulation followed by lowpass filtering
Receiver fmax = 2 fc + B and fs > 2 fmax iˆ[m]
X LPF
• Lowpass filter has other roles x[m]
Matched filter 2 cos(c m)
Anti-aliasing filter qˆ[m]

• Matched filters X LPF

Maximize SNR at downsampler output -2 sin(c m)


Hence minimize symbol error at downsampler output
16 - 11
Baseband QAM Demodulation
• QAM baseband signal x[m]  i[m] cos(c m)  q[m] sin(c m)
• QAM demodulation
Modulate and lowpass filter to obtain baseband signals
iˆ[m]  2 x[m] cos(c m)  2i[m] cos 2 (c t )  2q[m] sin(c m) cos(c m)
 i[m]  i[m] cos(2c m)  q[m] sin( 2c m)
baseband high frequency component centered at 2 c
qˆ[m]  2 x[m] sin(c m)  2i[m] cos(c m) sin(c m)  2q[m] sin 2 (c m)
 q[m]  i[m] sin(2c m)  q[m] cos(2c m)
baseband high frequency component centered at 2 c
1 1
cos 2   (1  cos 2 ) 2 cos sin   sin 2 sin 2   (1  cos 2 )
2 2
16 - 12

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