UPPF 6033

DYNAMICS OF
LEADERSHIP

DR. JAMILAH AHMAD 01

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 Leadership Skills

"Leadership is a function of knowing

yourself, having a vision that is well
communicated, building trust among
colleagues, and taking effective
action to realize your own leadership
potential."
Prof. Warren Bennis
 Revision
Understanding Leadership

■What is leadership?
■Why is leadership important –
why do we need leaders?
■Leaders – born or bred?
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 Learning Outcomes
■ Traits and personality.
■ Big Five personality dimensions.
■ Universality traits of effective leaders.
■ Achievement Motivation Theory and Leader
Profile.
■ Theory X, Theory Y, Pygmalion Effect.
■ Positive Self Concept.
■ Three levels of moral development.
■ Ethics.

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Active Learning:
Exercise in pairs
■ 1. Discuss examples you have come
across of strong and weak leadership

You can use examples from employment,

academic studies or participation in schools
(keep anonymous)
Traits and Personality
What are traits?

What is personality?

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 Traits and Personality
(Contd.)
■ Traits: Distinguishing personal
characteristics
■ Personality: A combination of traits that
classifies an individual’s behavior
■What value do they have in the
study of leadership?

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 Active Learning
SHOULDER PARTNER
EXERCISE:
1. Choose leaders YOU admire
■2. What personality traits and
skills do they have?
What is the Great Man
Approach?

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 Early Theories:

Great Man Theories

■Leaders are exceptional people, born
with innate qualities, destined to lead
■Term 'man' was intentional - concept
was primarily male, military and
Western
Great Man Approach

■Sought to identify
the traits effective
leaders possessed.
■Was it successful?

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 Early Theories:

Trait Theories
■Research on traits or qualities
associated with leadership are
numerous
■Traits are hard to measure. For
example, how do we measure honesty
or integrity?
 Big Five Model of Personality
Surgency Leadership &
Extraversion
Getting along traits
with people
traits
Adjustment
Agreeableness
Emotional
stability traits

Conscientiousness Openness to experience

Achievement traits
Source: Adapted from T.A. Judge, D. Heller, and M.K. Mount, 2002. “Five Factor Model of Personality and Job Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis.”
Willingness to try
Journal of Applied Psychology,87 (June), 530(12)
new things traits
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Active Learning

With all of this (The big

five personality), why are
many leaders unsuccessful?
 1.Bullying
1.Bullying style
style

2.Cold,
2.Cold, aloof,
aloof, arrogant
arrogant

6 3.Betrayed
3.Betrayed personal
personal trust
trust
Major
Reasons 4.Self-centered
4.Self-centered

for 5.Specific
5.Specific performance
performance
Executive problems
problems

Derailment 6.Overmanaged
6.Overmanaged

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 What are some
traits of effective
leaders?

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 Locus
Locus of
of Integrity
Integrity
Control
Control

High
High energy
energy 9 Flexibility
Flexibility
Traits of
Dominance
Effective Sensitivity
Sensitivity
Dominance
Leaders to
to others
others

Self-confident
Self-confident Intelligence
Intelligence
Stability
Stability

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Traits of Effective Leaders
■ Dominance
– Want to be in charge
– Affects all other traits
■ High Energy
– Drive, hard work, stamina, persistence
■ Self-confidence
– Trust own judgments, decisions, ideas, capabilities

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Traits of Effective Leaders
(Contd.)
■ Locus of Control
– Belief in control of own destiny
■ Stability
– Emotionally in control, secure, positive
■ Integrity
– Honest, ethical, trustworthy
■ Intelligence
– Above average, educated

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Traits of Effective Leaders
(Contd.)

■ Emotional Intelligence
– Self-awareness, managing emotions, motivating
oneself, empathy, social skills
■ Flexibility
– Change, adjust to changes
■ Sensitivity
– Understand group members, communicate well,
people centered

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What is Achievement
Motivation Theory?

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 Achievement Motivation
Theory
■Attempts to explain and predict
behavior and performance based on
a person’s need for achievement,
power, and affiliation.
■What are the characteristics of
each need?

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 Need for Achievement
■ Internal locus of control
■ Self-confidence
■ High energy
■ Goal oriented
– Realistic goals
■ Moderate risks
■ Competitive

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 Need for Power
■ Want to be in charge (in authority)
■ Self-confident
■ High energy
■ Competitive
■ Ambitious
■ Less concerned with people

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 Need for Affiliation
■ Strong personal relationships
■ Sensitivity to others
■ Joiners
■ Prefer “helping professions”
■ Concerned about what people think of them
■ Usually have low need for power
– Avoid leadership

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 What is the Leader
Motive Profile (LMP)?

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Leader Motive Profile (LMP)
■ A set of traits that match up to the
“typical” effective leader
■ Tends to have a high need for power, a
moderate need for achievement, and a
lesser need for affiliation
■ These vary significantly from leader to
leader

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 POWER
■ Power is the fuel of accomplishment
■ Leadership = Power
■ Socialized Power: Used for the good of
one’s self, the group, and the organization
■ Personalized Power: Used for selfish
reasons and contrary to the good of the
group and organization

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What are Theory X
and Theory Y?

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Theory X vs. Theory Y
■ People are lazy ■ People are motivated
■ Dislike work ■ Get satisfaction from
work
■ Do as little as
possible ■ Will do what is right
for organization
■ Must be closely ■ Participative
supervised management
■ Carrot & stick
management

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 Theory X .....…......Theory Y
(Autocratic) (Participative)

Control Support

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 What is the
Pygmalion Effect?

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2-9
 “If you think you can,
you can,
if you think you can’t,
you can’t.”
What does this mean?

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 Pygmalion Effect
Managers’
attitudes,
expectations, and
treatment of
employees explain
and predict
behavior and
performance.
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How to develop a positive
self concept?

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Develop a Positive Self Concept
■ Consciously
■ Push out pessimism
■ Cultivate optimism
■ Stop complaining
■ Avoid negative people
■ Set and achieve goals
■ Focus on success
– Do not dwell on failure

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 Develop a Positive Self Concept
(Contd.)
■ Accept compliments
■ Don’t belittle your accomplishments
■ Don’t compare yourself to others
■ Focus on being the best you can be
■ Think for yourself
■ Be a positive role model
■ Help others

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What are ethics?

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 Ethics
■ Ethics are the standards of right and
wrong that influence behavior
– There are moral absolutes
– Business ethics are always suspected
– People set the ethical standards, not
organizations
– Integrity is essential in leadership

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 Ethics and Integrity

■Integrity is an important
leadership trait
■Ethics and trust are part of
integrity
■Must start within the
organization

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 Traits, Attitudes, and Ethics

■Ethics related to need and traits

■Unethical behavior more likely
– Emotionally unstable
– External locus of control

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 Moral Development and Ethics
■ Understanding right from wrong
■ Three levels of Moral Development
– Preconventional: Based on self-interests
– Conventional: Based on expectations of others
– Postconventional: Based on moral principles
regardless of leader or group ethics

Source: Adapted from Lawrence Kohlberg, “Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive-Development Approach.” In Thomas Likona
(ed.), Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research, and Social Issues (Austin, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston , 1976), 31-53.

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 Golden Rule
“Do unto others as
you want them to do
unto you.”
or
“Don’t do anything to
other people that you
would not want them
to do to you.”

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 Four-Way Test of
Ethical Behavior
■ Is it true?
■ Is it fair?
■ Will it build good will?
■ Will it benefit all concerned?

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Discussion Question #1

■Is the locus of control important

to leaders?
■Why?

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Discussion Question #3

■Does McClelland believe that

power is good or bad?
■Why?

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Discussion Question #4
■Should a leader have a dominant
need for achievement to be
successful?
■Why or why not?

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Discussion Question #5
■McGregor published Theory X
and Theory Y over 30 years
ago. Do we still have Theory X
managers?
■Why?

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Discussion Question #10

■ In test examples related to the

Pygmalion effect, Lou Holtz calls
for setting a higher standard. Have
the standards in school, society,
and work increased or decreased
over the last five years?

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Discussion Question #11
■Do you believe that if you use
ethical behavior it will pay off
in the long run?

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Discussion Question #12
■Can ethics be taught and
learned?

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Discussion Question #13
■Which personal traits are
more closely related to ethical
and unethical behavior?

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Discussion Question #14
■Do people change their level
of moral development based
on the situation?

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Discussion Question #15

■Why do people justify their

unethical behavior?

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Discussion Question #16

■Which justification do you

think is used most often?

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Discussion Question #17
■As related to the simple
guide to ethical behavior,
how do you want to be led?

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