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I.C. Engines & Reciprocating Machines

The document discusses the evolution and development of internal combustion engines. It begins with early devices like fire pistons that used compressed air to generate heat. Gunpowder was then used in engines in the 1600s to provide an explosive force. The steam engine was further developed throughout the 1700s, starting with Papin's cylinder design and leading to improvements by Newcomen, Savery, and ultimately Watt that made steam engines suitable for industrial applications. The document outlines some of the key steps in the progression from early heat engines to modern internal combustion engines.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

130 views

I.C. Engines & Reciprocating Machines

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Tesfa Temesgen

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I.C.

Engines &
Reciprocating Machines
Chapter-One
INTRODUCTION
Content
 Why we study I.C. Engines?
 Definition of Engines
 Heat Engines, & Classification
 Evolution of Engines
 Major Engine components & Systems
 I.C. Fundamentals (working Principle)
 4-stroke (SI & CI Engines)
 2- stroke
 Comparison of SI & CI Engines and 4-s & 2-s Engines
 Classification of Engines
 Application of Engines
Why We Study about Engines?
 Greatest Achievements of the 20th Century
1. Electrification 10. Highways
2. Automobile 12. Spacecraft
3. Airplane 13. Internet
4. Water Supply and Distribution 14. Imaging
5. Electronics 15. Household Appliances
6. Radio and Television 16. Health Technologies
7. Agricultural Mechanization 17. Petroleum & Petrochemical Technologies
8. Computers 18. Laser and Fiber Optics
9. Telephone 19. Nuclear Technologies
10 Air Conditioning and Refrigeration 20. High performance Materials

I.C Engines are the foundation for the successful development of many important inventions
Why We Study about Engines?
ARE ENGINES BOON OR BANE?

Greatest invention since the wheel? Increased pollution

Made transportation easy! Increased fossil fuel consumption

Made life easy! Increased congestion on roads

Why We Study about Engines?

 Whether we like it or not….

CAN WE DO WITHOUT IT?
 Do we have viable alternatives?

THINK………
 As of today we have no answer
 May be for at least 20 years more!
SO WE ARE STUCK WITH IT………!
Definition of Engine
 Engine-
 is a device which transforms one form of energy
in to another form.
 Most of the engines convert Thermal Energy into
Mechanical Work and therefore they are called
Heat Engine.

Mechanical
Fuel Energy Thermal Energy Energy

Combustion Heat Engine

Heat Engines hot
reservoir
TH

heat
 What is Heat engine ?
work
 any device that is capable of converting
thermal energy (heating) into mechanical impossible cyclic
energy (work). heat engine
 Heat is generally generated by chemical
hot reservoir, TH
reaction, typically from combustion of all
heat

entropy
sorts of fuels
 Work can be completely converted into work
Q

heat
heat, but the inverse is not true dS
T
 The transfer of energy by heating is
accompanied with the entropy transfer cold reservoir, TC
Heat Engines
 Heat Engine can be broadly classified in to two
categories
 Internal Combustion Engine (IC Engine)
 External Combustion Engine (EC Engine)
Classification of Heat Engine
Heat Engine

IC Engine EC Engine

Rotary Reciprocating Rotary Reciprocating

Wankel Gasoline Steam Turbine Steam Engine

Open Cycle Closed Cycle

Diesel Sterling Engine
(Gas Turbine) (Gas Turbine)
Gas & Steam Turbine
Turbo-Jet

Turbo-Prop

Rocket Turbo-Fan
Evolution of Engines
 Fire Piston
 a tube of wood that could instantly create a hot coal with just a quick
push of a plunger to kindle a fire and it had been used for ages.
 Air gets very hot when it is compressed under high pressure
 when the air is compressed in a fire piston it is done so quickly and
efficiently that it can reach a temperature in excess of 800 degrees
Fahrenheit. This is hot enough to ignite the tinder that is placed in
the end of the piston which has been hollowed out to accept it.
 Compression ratio is about 25:1, high
Evolution of Engines
 Gun Powder (Huygens 1666 )
 Christian Huygens, a scientist from the Netherlands, in
1666 tried to push a piston upward by the explosion of
shooting powder
 these engines did not use the expansive force of the
explosion directly to drive a piston down a cylinder

Explode a small quantity Expel the air from

of gun powder in a cylinder the cylinder

Partial vacuum Draw a piston

would form down a cylinder
Evolution of Engines
 Huygen's Explosion Engine
 The explosion of gun powder shots the
piston upward.
 When the piston stops at the top of the
"cylinder", the gas can escape from the
tub
 Then, the atmospheric pressure moves
the piston back down and the piston lifts
another weight (blue).
 When the piston reaches the bottom of
the cylinder, a new explosion can occur.
Evolution of Engines
 Steam Engine
 The first recorded steam engine or steam

powered device known as Hero's Engine

or Aeolipile about 2000 years ago
 His turbine design was the forerunner of

the jet engine and demonstrated that

steam power could be used to operate
other machinery.
 Steam generated in the boiler passes

through the feed tubes, into the sphere,

and out through the nozzles.
 As the steam leaves the nozzles, the

sphere rotates rapidly.

Evolution of Engines
 Steam Engine
 The first piston steam engine built by Denis Papin in
1690
 Denis Papin was an assistant of Huygens
 The cylinder was filled up halfway with water
before the piston is pushed down to the water.
 The air can escape through a small tube. If the
whole cylinder is heated, the water converts into
steam; the steam presses the piston up.
 In the highest position, a fastener grabs the piston
and holds it at the head.
 When the steam condenses, the atmospheric
pressure will press the piston back down.
 The power stroke does not occur during the
vaporizing but during the condensation of steam.
 Papin intended to lift a weight with a cord over a
spool
Evolution of Engines
Thomas Savery

 Steam Engine
 (Thomas Newcomen) Newcomen steam
engine in 1712
 English blacksmith, iron merchant,
engineer and inventor of the first
economical industrial steam engine…the
Atmospheric Steam Engine
 Together, Newcomen and Savery
developed a beam engine that worked on
the atmospheric, or vacuum, principle.
 The first industrial applications of the vacuum
engines were in the pumping of water from deep
mineshafts
Newcomen Engine
 An important advantage of this
engine compared to Savery's
engine is that it was not
necessary to work with a high
steam pressure. The power of the
engine was just limited by the
quantity of the cylinder.
Evolution of Engines
 James Watt improved the stream engine for industrial application in 1769
 Increased work pressure
 Speed control
 Watt made many studies concerning steam pressure, which he used for
his great cognition
 He formulated among other things two principles:
 Thermal insulation
 The vessel, which worked by means of steam, had to be as hot as the steam
itself.
 separate condenser
 The vessel where the steam is condensed has to be separated from the cylinder
and it has to be as cold as the outside temperature. Watt called it the
"condenser."
Matthew Boulton

Evolution of Engines
 The piston was in its highest position. The
valve 2 is opened. The excess pressure of
the steam relational to the air in the
condenser lets the steam flow out of the
cylinder.
 The piston is pressed back down. Valve 2
is closed and valve 1 is opened (it is called
the balance-valve), which redresses the
balance of pressure between the air upon
the piston and the air below the piston. The
piston, connected to weights, is going back
to the his highest position
Evolution of Engines
Evolution of Engines
Evolution of Engines
 Stirling Engine (Hot air engine)
 Stirling engine was invented in 1816 by Robert Stirling
 External combustion for heat addition
 Carnot cycle engine

Beta type
Alpha type
Stirling Engine
Evolution of Engines
 Lenoir Engine (Internal Combustion) 1860
 Jean Joseph Étienne Lenoir developed the first internal
combustion engine,
 resembled a single-cylinder, double-acting horizontal
steam engine, with two power strokes per revolution
 a single-cylinder two-stroke engine
 Induction of a mixture of coal gas and air (air/gas)
 exhaust of the burnt mixture were controlled by slide
valves
 ignited by a "jumping spark" ignition system
• the burnt mixture were controlled by slide valves
• combustion occurred on both sides of the piston,
but considering just one combustion chamber

Efficiency ~ 3-5%
~6 hp
Evolution of Engines
 Atmospheric or Free-piston engine (Otto -Langen
1866 )
 At the world exhibition of 1867 in Paris, Nikolaus
August Otto's (1832-1891) and Eugen Langen's
(1833-1895) success with the atmospheric engine
 The engine was working with illuminating gas, too, and
achieved a better efficiency of about 30 percent than the
Lenoir engines because of a better technology
 the fuel consumption was about half that of the Lenoir
Engine.
 The main features of the engine were a
 long vertical cylinder,
 Heavy piston and
 Racked piston rod
Evolution of Engines
 The Otto engine (in1876 he built his first four-stroke engine )
 Otto had great success with his atmospheric engines
 solution of the problems which prevented the explosion engines from
delivering a regular work: The burn was jerky.
 Otto finally found the right way. His improvements were fantastic:
 He learned how to let a mixture burn slowly and safely. At the same time,
he could hold the performance of the engine on a high level by a
compression of the gas
 the otto engine was developed very quickly therefore, better accessories
(carburetor, ignition mechanism, valves, pistons) were produced, the
cylinder capacity, engine speed and the horsepower performances were
increased dramatically
 Otto experienced a 100 HP Otto engine before he died (His first four-
stroke engine had a power of approx. 3 HP)
Evolution of Engines
 Four-stroke I.C engine ( Nicolaus Otto in 1877)
 Four up-down strokes are involved:
 Downward intake stroke coal-gas and air enter the piston
chamber,
 Upward compression stroke the piston compresses the
mixture,
 Downward power stroke ignites the fuel mixture by electric
spark, and
 Upward exhaust stroke releases exhaust gas from the
piston chamber
Evolution of Engines
Four-stroke I.C engine
Evolution of Engines
 Fuel question
 The exploration of oil wells in the USA occurring as
a result of the pioneer drilling by Drake in 1859.
 In1883, Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler, who are
still very famous because of their cars, built an
engine, where gasoline is induced into the induction
air through a surface carburetor
 For the first time people succeeded in using liquid
fuels.
 A large step was done toward the automobile with
this, because liquid fuel needs less space than
gaseous and can be transported more easily
Evolution of Engines
 Diesel Engine (Rudolph
Diesel 1893)
 The first Diesel Engine
 Four Stroke Compression
Ignition Engine
Evolution of Engines
 Wankel (Rotary Engine) (1929)
 Operate in four stroke principle

 Advantages:
 High power output
 More reliable
 Simple structure and less moving parts
 Lower production cost
 Lighter and higher speed
 Disadvantages :
 Air-fuel mixing problem
 High hydrocarbon emissions
 Less fuel efficiency
 Sealing difficulty
Evolution of Engines
 Current Engine Challenges
 Limited energy supply (Higher fuel efficiency)
 Global warming effect
 Environmental protection (Less pollutant emissions)
Evolution of Heat Engines
 Possible options to power future vehicles
 IC engines are still competitive for the near future
 Technology advancement
 Infrastructure
 Manufacture cost
Evolution of Engines
I.C Engine Fundamentals
 Major Engine Parts
 Cylinder Block
 Valves
 Cylinder Head  Valve Springs
 Crankshaft  Pistons
 Camshaft  Connecting Rod
 Timing Chain  Piston Ring
 Bearing shell  Cylinder sleeve
 Oil pump  Inlet manifold
 Water pump
 Exhaust manifold
 Fly wheel
 Rocker Arm
I.C Engine Fundamentals
I.C Engine Fundamentals
I.C Engine Fundamentals
 Engine Systems
 An engine must at least include the following
systems to operate
 Air supply and Exhaust system
 Fuel supply system
 Combustion system
 Ignition system (SI)
 Cooling system
 Lubricating system
 Starting system
 Electrical power supply (battery or generator)
I.C Engine Fundamentals
I.C Engine Fundamentals

pressure = force
area
force = pressure x area
I.C Engine Fundamentals

Ignition system
I.C Engine Fundamentals

ignition system

crank mechanism
I.C Engine Fundamentals
intake system

ignition system

crank mechanism
I.C Engine Fundamentals
intake system
exhaust system

ignition system

crank mechanism
I.C Engine Fundamentals
intake system
exhaust system
cooling system thermostat

ignition system

crank mechanism
I.C Engine Fundamentals
intake system
exhaust system
cooling system thermostat

ignition system

lubrication system

crankcase vent
I.C Engine Fundamentals
 Working Principle of Engines
 Four- Stroke Ignition Engine
 The cycle of operation completed in 4 strokes of piston
operation ( 2 revolutions of Crankshaft)
 Each stroke consists of 1800 of crankshaft rotation.
 During 4 strokes, there are 5 events
 Suction
 Compression
 Combustion
 Expansion
 Exhaust
I.C Engine Fundamentals
 Nomenclature
 Cylinder Bore (d) or B
 The nominal inner diameter of the working cylinder
 Piston Area (A)
 The area of circle diameter equal to the cylinder bore
 Stroke (L) or (s)
 The nominal distance through which a working piston moves between two successive
reversal of its distance of motion
 Dead Centers
 The potion of the working piston at the moment when the dirction of piston motion
reversed at either end of the stock
 Top Dead Center (TDC) or Inner Dead Center IDC) – when the piston is a farthest from the
crankshaft
 Bottom Dead Center (BDC) or outer Dead Center (ODC) – when the piston is nearest to the
crankshaft
I.C Engine Fundamentals
 Displacement Volume (Vs)
 The nominal volume swept by the working piston
when traveling from one dead center to the other
 Vs = A Х L= π/4(d2L)
 Clearance Volume (Vc)
 The nominal volume of the combustion chamber above the
piston when it is at TDC is the clearance volume.
 Compression Ratio (r)
 It is the ratio of the total cylinder volume when the piston is at the
BDC, VT, to the clearance volume vc
VT  VC  VS  V 
r    1   s 
VC  VC   VC 
I.C Engine Fundamentals
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)

 Otto Cycle
 Intake
 Compression,
 Combustion
 Power
 Exhaust
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)
fuel

air air + fuel

pressure


volume
TDC BDC
I.C Engine Fanda (SI Engine)

pressure
stoichiometric mixture

 