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Embedded Systems BY Varisa Sasibhushanarao (PH.D) Assistant Professor, Department OF Electronics and Communication Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies - Srikakulam

The document discusses embedded systems and provides details about microcontrollers. It defines embedded systems as hardware and software designed to perform specific functions. It then describes characteristics of embedded systems like sophisticated functionality, real-time operation, and low power consumption. The document outlines the basic structure of an embedded system and discusses hardware components like microprocessors and microcontrollers. It explains the differences between Von Neumann and Harvard architectures and between CISC and RISC processors. Finally, it provides details about PIC microcontrollers, including families, packages, and features.

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Pandu K
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45 views

Embedded Systems BY Varisa Sasibhushanarao (PH.D) Assistant Professor, Department OF Electronics and Communication Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies - Srikakulam

The document discusses embedded systems and provides details about microcontrollers. It defines embedded systems as hardware and software designed to perform specific functions. It then describes characteristics of embedded systems like sophisticated functionality, real-time operation, and low power consumption. The document outlines the basic structure of an embedded system and discusses hardware components like microprocessors and microcontrollers. It explains the differences between Von Neumann and Harvard architectures and between CISC and RISC processors. Finally, it provides details about PIC microcontrollers, including families, packages, and features.

Uploaded by

Pandu K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

BY
VARISA SASIBHUSHANARAO (Ph.D)
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING,
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF KNOWLEDGE
TECHNOLOGIES - SRIKAKULAM
EMBEDDE SYSTMES
 Embedded system is a combination of hardware and software
that designed to do specific function/functions.
”Controller of a Larger system”
CHARACTERISTICS

 Sophisticated functionality
 Real time operation

 Application dependence processor


 Restricted memory
 Low power consumption

 Dedicated system
 Low manufacturing cost
TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
 Similar to general Computing

Personal Digital Assistant, Video games, set top boxes, ATM


 Control Systems

Flight control, Nuclear reactor, vehicle engines


 Signal processing

Radar, Sonar, DVD players


 Communication and networking

Cellular
BASIC STRUCTURE OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE:
IMPLEMENTING EMBEDDED SYSTEM:
HARDWARE
 Processing elements
 Peripherals

Input and output devices


Interfacing sensors and actuators
Interfacing protocols
Memory
Bus
SOFTWARE
 System Software-Used for operating computer hardware and installed on computer when
operating system is installed.
 Application Software-used by user to perform specific task and installed according to the
requirements of user.
ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF PROCESSOR
 Program Flow Control Unit (CU)
 Execution Unit (EU)

Types of Processors
 General Purpose Processor (GPP)
Microprocessor
Microcontroller
Embedded Processor
Digital Signal Processor
Media Processor
 Application Specific System Processor (ASSP)
 Application Specific Instruction Processors (ASIPs)
 GPP core(s) or ASIP core(s) on either an Application Specific Integrated
Circuit (ASIC) or a Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) circuit.
EMBEDDED HARDWARE
 Embedded hardware is used for processing of input to produce output in
task specific fashion
MICROPROCESSOR
MICROCONTROLLERS

 PIC micro-controller

 ARM micro-controller
What is microcontroller?

 Microcontroller is a device which integrates a number of


components of a microprocessor system onto a single microchip.
 A microcontroller combines on to the same microchip:

The CPU Core

Memory(RAM&ROM)

Parallel Digital I/O and more


COMPONENTS OF MICROCONTROLLER
 Timer Module

To allow the microcontroller to perform tasks for a


certain time period
 Serial I/O Port

To allow data to flow between the microcontroller and other devices


 Analogue to Digital Converter(ADC)

To allow the microcontroller to accept analogue input data for


processing
Why Microcontroller?
 Low cost, Small packaging
 Low power consumption

 Programmable, Re-programmable
 I/O Capabilities
 Easy integration with circuits

 For applications in which cost, power and area are critical


 Single purpose
Von Neumann and Harvard Architecture
Von Neumann Architecture
von neumann
• Von Neumann architercture is based on the stored-program
computer,where instruction data and program data are stored
in the same memory.
• so same buses are used to fetch instructions and data,cpu not
able to perform both together(read a instruction and read/write
data).This is called bottleneck of Von Neumann
• Stored Program Computer-can be programmed to carry out
many different tasks,applicatons are stored on them.
• Consists of CPU,ALU,Memory Unit,RegisterS,I/O.
Harvard Architecture
Harvard
• Digtial computer architecutre whose design is based on the
concept where there are seperate storage and seperate buses
for instruction and data.
• It was bascially developed to overcome the bottleneck of Von
Neumann architecture.So CPU can access instruction and
read/write data at same time.
CISC-COMPLEX INSTUCTION SET COMPUTER

 This CISC approach attempts to minimize the number of


instructions per programm but at the cost of increase in
number of cycles per instruction
 The main idea is that a single instruction will do all
loading,evaluating and storing operations
 A Large number of instructions each carrying out a different
permutation of the same operation
CISC
 Different instructions of different Length

 Different Addressing modes


 Requires multiple cycles for execution
 Less number of general purposes registers as operation get
performed in memory itself.
 Instructions are larger than word size.

“CISC AND RISC is to improve CPU performance.”


RISC-REDUCED INSTUCTION SET COMPUTER
 Reduced the cycles per instructions at the cost of the number of
instructions per program.
 Instructions for simple operations that can be executed in a single cycle

 Each instruction is of fixed length

Facilitates Instruction pipelining


 Large general purpose instruction set

Can contain data or address


 Load-store Architecture

No memory access for data processing instructions


PIC MICROCONTROLLER
 Peripheral Interface Controller
 PIC’s are “RISC”
 Have few instructions(<50)

 Execute 1 instruction with 1 internal clock cycle


The PIC Family Packages:

 PICs comes in huge variety of packages:

8pin : 12c50x(12-bit),12c67x(14-bit)
14pin : 16c5x(12-bit),16cxxx(14-bit)

28pin : 16c5x(12-bit),16cxxx(14-bit)
40 pin : 16cxxx(12-bit),17c4x(16-bit)

44-68 pin: 16cxxx(12-bit),17c4x(16-bit)


FAMILIES OF 8-BIT PIC MICROCONTROLLERS

 BASE LINE PIC


 MID-RANGE PIC
 ENHANCED MID-RANGE PIC

 PIC 18
BASE LINE PIC
 Least complex PIC controller
 12-bit instruction architecture

 Smallest and less cost PIC


 Available with 6 to 40 pin packaging
 Replaced the traditional IC’s like 555,Logic gates etc..

 Include the PIC10F family and proportion of the PIC12 and


PIC16 families.
MID-RANGE PIC
 Small Package footprints
 14-bit instruction architecture
 Work up to 20MHz frequency
 Available with 8 to 64 pin packaging
 Available with different peripherals:
ADC,PWM,OP-AMPS and different communication protocols
like UART,SPI,12C(TWI)
 Includes PIC 12 and PIC 16 families
 Available with FLASH and OTP program memory options
 The flash produces an operating voltage range of 2v-5.5v
ENHANCED MID-RANGE PIC
 Enhanced version of Mid-range type core
 Provides additional performance
 Greatest Flash memory

 High speed at less power consumption


 Includes multiple peripherals and support protocols:

USART,SPI and 12C etc..


PIC 18
 16-bit instruction architecture
 The highest performer in the all 8-bit PIC families
 Available with 18-80 pin package options
 10MIPS operating performance
 Integrated with new age protocols:
USB, CAN, IAN, Ethernet
 Two stage instruction pipeline
 Supports the connectivity of human interface devices:
Segmented LCDs and mTOUCH sensing
PIC 8-BIT FAMILIES

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