Material Sourcing

Presented By
Ar. Amlan Kar
Content
• Introduction to materials
• Glass
• Metal
• Bricks
• Concrete, Mortar, Cement
• Stone
• Wood & Wood fabrication, Joinery Theory, Wood Products
Introduction
• Building material is material used for construction.
• Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood, even twigs and leaves, have been
used to construct buildings.
• Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less
synthetic.
• The manufacturing of building materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these
materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as carpentry, insulation, plumbing, and
roofing work.
• There are trends in building materials from being natural to becoming more man-made and composite;
biodegradable to imperishable; indigenous to being transported globally; repairable to disposable; chosen
for increased levels of fire-safety, and improved seismic resistance.
• These trends tend to increase the initial and long term economic, ecological, energy, and social costs of
building materials.
• Economic costs:
• Initial economic cost of building materials is the purchase price. This is often what governs decision
making about what materials to use.
• Sometimes the energy savings or durability of the materials are also taken into consideration and see
the value of paying a higher initial cost in return for a lower lifetime cost.
• Energy costs:
• Pollution costs can be macro and micro.
• The macro, environmental pollution of extraction industries building materials rely on such as mining,
petroleum, and logging produce environmental damage at their source and in transportation of the
raw materials, manufacturing, transportation of the products, retailing, and installation.
• Energy costs:
• The Initial energy costs include the amount of energy consumed to produce, deliver and install the
material.
• The long term energy cost is the economic, ecological, and social costs of continuing to produce and
deliver energy to the building for its use, maintenance, and eventual removal.
• Social Costs:
• Social costs are injury and health of the people producing and transporting the materials and potential
health problems of the building occupants if there are problems with the building biology.
• Globalization has had significant impacts on people both in terms of jobs, skills, and self-sufficiency
are lost when manufacturing facilities are closed and the cultural aspects of where new facilities are
opened.
Glass
• Definition of glass
• Uses of glass
• Properties of glass
• Manufacturing process of glass
• Post processing of glass
• Different treatments of glass
• Types of glasses
• Applications of glass in interior designing
Definition of glass
• A hard but brittle, usually transparent or translucent substance, produced by fusing silica together with a flux
and a stabilizer into a mass that cools to as rigid condition without crystallization.
• Silica is combined with varying proportions of oxides of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron and
other such materials.
• It is allowed to cool rapidly so that the needed amorphous structure is achieved. The process of transition of
glass from liquid state to solid state is reversible.
• Glass is known to mankind since ancient days around 3600 BC.
Uses of Glass
• To allow light to travel from one side to the other side.
• To prevent heat transfer or ventilation.
• For sound insulation.
• To hold liquids or other such materials.
• To enhance the aesthetics.
• To protect delicate items like bulb filament etc.
• For making mirrors.
• For making artificial diamonds.
• For magnifying and de-magnifying.
Properties of Glass
• Hard, amorphous and brittle.
• Transparency
• Melting point is from 1400C to 1500C.
• Not affected by water, air, normal acids and normal chemical agents. It is only affected by some alkalis.
• Low thermal conductivity, good heat and sound insulator.
• Requires high polish.
• By fusion, glass pieces can be welded together.
Manufacturing of Glass
Varieties of glass
• Sheet Glass
• The glass is drawn through a narrow slit on a fire clay float when it is in a viscous semi-solid state. While it is
getting solidified it is passed through asbestos rollers to control the thickness. Glasses from 2mm to 6mm are
manufactured by this process.
• Plate Glass
• Molten metal is taken in a ladle and poured on a cast iron table. Then a roller is rolled on the solidifying glass
to control the thickness. Further, on glass is needed to be polished/ground on both sides. Annealing cooling,
the is also done to reduce the brittle-nature. By this process, glass up to 25mm can be produced. Plate glass is
superior in quality than sheet glass.
• Float Glass
• Molten glass is poured on the stagnant liquid having larger specific gravity like molten tin than the molten
glass. Thus the molten glass is made to float on the denser liquid. Float glass has a very fine finish and is
absolutely free from waves.
Varieties of glass
• Sodalime or soft glass
• About 90% of all glass is soda-lime glass made with silica
(sand), Calcium carbonate and soda ash.
• The approximate composition is Na2CO3.CaO.6SiO2.
• They are low cost, resistant to water but not to acids.
• They can melt easily and hence can be hot worked.

• Uses:
Window glass, Electric bulbs, Plate glass, Bottles, Jars,
cheaper table wares, test tubes, reagent bottles etc
Varieties of glass
• Potash lime or hard glass
• Potash lime glass is made with silica (sand), Calcium carbonate and
potassium carbonate.
• The approximate composition is K2CO3.CaO.6SiO2.
• They posses high melting point, fuse with difficulty and are less
acted upon by acids, alkaline and other solvents than ordinary glass.

• Uses:
These glasses are costlier than soda lime glass and are used for
chemical apparatus, combustion tubes and glassware which are used
for heating operations.
Varieties of glass
• Lead glass or flint glass
• It is made up of lead oxide fluxed with silica and K2CO3 is used instead
of sodium oxide.
• Its approximate composition is K2Co3.PbO.SiO2.
• To get dense optical glasses about 80% lead oxide is used. Lead glasses
has a lower softening temperature than soda glass and higher refractive
index and good electrical properties.
• It is bright lustrous and possess high specific gravity.

• Uses:
• High quality table wares, optical lenses, neon sign tubing, cathode ray
tubes, electrical insulators, crystal art objects or cut glass, Windows and
Shields for protection against X-rays and Gamma rays in medical and
atomic energy fields etc.
Varieties of glass
• Borosilicate / pyrex / jena glass
• It is common hard glass containing silica and boron with small
amount of alumina.
• It contains SiO2(80.5%), B2O3(13%), Al2O3(03%), K2O(3%) and
Na2O(0.5%).
• These glass have low thermal coefficient of expansion, and high
chemical resistance i.e. shock proof.

• Uses:
• Industrially used for pipeline of corrosive liquids, gauge glasses,
superior laboratory apparatus, kitchen wares, chemical plants,
television tubes, electrical insulators etc.
Varieties of glass
• 99.5% silica glass / vitreosil
• It contains pure silica heated to its melting point. It is translucent,
the coefficient of thermal expansion is very low hence it has high
resistance to thermal shock, have high chemical resistance to
corrosive agents.
• If Vitreosil glass is heated above its melting point, it becomes
transparent and is known as clear silica glass.

• Uses:
• They are used in construction of chemical plants, laboratory
crucibles, induction furnace lining, electrical insulators and heaters
and have high light transmission properties.
Varieties of glass
• Safety glass
• It is made by fusing two to three flat sheets of glass and in
between them alternate thin layer of vinyl plastic is
introduced.
• It is heated where both the layers merge together and glass
is toughened.

• Uses:
• It is used as wind shield in automobiles and airplanes.
• On breaking it pieces does not fly apart because of the
presence of the plastic layer in between the glass layers.
Varieties of glass
• Toughened or Tempered glass
• It is made by dipping articles still hot in an oil bath, so that
chilling takes place.
• This results in outer layer of articles shrink and acquire a
state of compression while inner layer are in state of tension.
• Such glass is more elastic to mechanical and thermal shock.
It breaks into a fine powder.

• Uses:
• For making window shields of fast moving vehicles, windows
of furnace and automatic opening doors.
Varieties of glass
• Frosted Glass
• A normal glass is frosted by bombarding fine sand particles or by rubbing
fine sand particles on the surface of glass.
• Due to this, the transparency of the glass is lost and the glass becomes
translucent.
• This glass is also called as ‘ground’ glass or ‘obscured’ glass.

• Glass Blocks
• These are partially evacuated and completely sealed hollow units which
are formed by fusing together two halves of pressed glass.
• Edges are coated with a grid bearing plastic material so that its permanent
and effective bend with mortar is ensured.
• Sizes vary from 50mm to 300mm. Thickness of 100mm are set in cement
mortar.
Varieties of glass
• Wired glass
• Wired glass does not fall apart into splinters when it breaks
and is fire resistant.
• It is made by fusing wire in between the two glass layers.
• Uses:
• For making fire resistant doors, roofs, skylights and windows.

• Fibre glass
• It is transformed into a fine thread of filament and has got a
high tensile strength.
• Uses:
• Found extensive use for the manufacture of fabric,
reinforcing plastics and production of thermal insulation
materials etc.
Varieties of glass
• Glass wool
• Glass wool consists of tiny fibers formed by action of steam jets on
dripping molten glass down from very fine hole.
• Uses:
• Heat Insulation, for filtration of Corrosive chemicals, sound insulation etc.

• Foam glass
• Prepared in the form of rectangular blocks.
• Mixture of finely grounded glass and is carbon are thoroughly mixed in
furnace, then it is melted.
• It expands and assumes the form of a black foam. It floats in water & can
be cut like wood. It is fire proof, rigid and an excellent heat insulator.
• It is used as a substitute for cork for use in air conditioning and
refrigeration industries.
Varieties of glass
• Laminated glass
• The sheets of glass fiber or glass wool are soaked in a
solution of thermosetting plastic like phenol
formaldehyde resin and placed one above the other
and then cured under heat or pressure.
• It is strong as steel.
• Non flammable and insulating.
• In bullet resistant glass vinyl resins are added in
alternate layers.
• The thickness varies from 15mm to 75mm.

• Uses:
• Shatter, shock and Bullet proof Glass
Varieties of glass
• Insulating glass/Low-emissivity glass
• Two or more plates of glass are filled with dehydrated air
and the edges are sealed air-tightly.
• Uses:
• Provides thermal insulating and so houses remain cool in
summer and warm in winter.

• Perforated glass
• In this type of glass perforations are made in sheet glass
with rollers.
• It is used for panels for ventilators.
Varieties of glass
• Coloured/Tinted glass

Yellow: Ferric Salts Green: Ferrous and Purple: Magnese dioxide salt
Chromium salts

Red: Nickel and cuprous salts Lemon Yellow: Cadmium Fluorescent greenish yellow:
Cu2O sulphide Uranium oxide

Blue: Cobalt Salts, CuO Greenish Blue Color: Brown: Iron

Copper Sulphate

Opaque milky white: Cryolite Ruby : Auric Chloride

of Calcium phosphate
Varieties of glass
• Patterned glass is imprinted with different designs.
• The less transparent the pattern, the more privacy the glass
affords.
• Varnished glass is coated on one side with an opaque varnish.
• Matt glass is produced using a variety of processes. Partial or total
sandblasting involves projecting an abrasive against the glass to
give it a matt finish.
• Acid etched glass is also used as it is more stain-resistant.
• Silk-screened glass is toughened glass with a decorative enamel
imprint.
• Anti-reflective framing glass shows off your photos, drawings and
posters and reduces irritating reflections
Structural Glass
Installation of Glass Partition
• Frameless glass partitions are constructed from sheets of 10mm, 12mm or
15mm toughened glass secured by a minimal head, floor & wall channel and
with silicon or dry joints between sheets of glass.
Fracture / failure of glass
• Glass does not have crystal lattice structure hence it breaks. Fracture is caused by small imperfections, flaws and
irregularity on the surface of the glass.
• Flaws are very fine cracks cause concentration of stress and the crack proceeds quickly causing a fracture.
Thank You