Presentation on Database

Management System

Presented by: Sajan Dumaru

What is Database Management System?

 A database management system (DBMS) is system software for creating and

managing database. A DBMS makes it possible for end users to create, read,
update and delete data in a database. The DBMS essentially serves as an interface
between the database and end users or application programs, ensuring that data is
consistently organized and remains easily accessible.
Functions Of Database Management
System
 Data Dictionary Management
 Data Storage Management
 Data Transformation and Presentation
 Security Management
 Multiuser Access Control
 Backup and Recovery Management
Advantages of Database Management
System
 Improved data sharing and security
  Better data integration
  Better data integration
 Improved data access
 Improved decision making
Disadvantages of Database Management
System
 Increased costs
 Management complexity
 Maintaining currency
 Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles
Types of Database Models

 Hierarchical Databases Models

 Network Databases Models
 Relational Databases Models
 Object-oriented Databases Models
Hierarchical Databases Models

 Hierarchical Database System Structure was developed by IBM in the early

1960s.
 In this type of Database, data gets stored in parent-children relationship nodes.
Also, the records not only contain the data of it but of their parent and children as
well.
 Data gets stored in the form of a collection of fields in which each field contains
only one value, i.e., every individual record has only one parent and a parent can
have one or more than one children.
 To retrieve the data, we need to traverse each tree until we get the desired data.
Features of Hierarchical Databases Models

 Many to many relationships: It only supports one – to – many relationships. Many

to many relationships are not supported.
 Problem in Deletion: If a parent is deleted then the child automatically gets deleted.
 Hierarchy of data: Data is represented in a hierarchical tree-like structure.
 Parent-child relationship: Each child can have only one parent but a parent can
have more than one children.
 Pointer: Pointers are used for linking records that tell which is a parent and which
child record is.
 Disk input and output is minimized: Parent and child records are placed or stored
close to each other on the storage device which minimizes the hard disk input and
output.
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Hierarchical Databases Models
Advantages Disadvantages
 Data can be retrieved easily due to the  If the parent table and child table are
explicit links present between the table unrelated then adding a new entry in the
structures. child table is difficult because additional
entry must be added in the parent table.
 Increases specialization.
 Lack of standards.
 High performance.
 Poor flexibility
 Clear results.
 Communication barriers
 Promotes data sharing.
 Organizational Disunity.
 Database security is enforced.
 Rigid structure
 No data manipulation or data definition
language
Network Databases Models

 A network model is an extension of the hierarchical model, which arranges data in

a structure similar to a graph. 
 Unlike in the hierarchy model, a node in the network model can have multiple
parents.
 Furthermore, the data in the database created using the network model will have
more relationships.
 This type of linking among data helps to access data easily and much faster. This
model helps to represent many to many relationships.
Features of Network Databases Models

 The network model is better than a hierarchical model.

 Supports many to many relationships.
 Many parents can have many children.
 Many children can have many parents (as shown in the figure).
 Entities are represented as a connected network with each other.
 Not very flexible to reorganize the model.
 High performance
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Network Databases Models
Advantages Disadvantages
 Simple Concept: Similar to the hierarchical model,  System Complexity: Each and every
this model is simple and the implementation is record has to be maintained with the help
effortless. of pointers, which makes the database
 Ability to Manage More Relationship Types: The structure more complex.
network model has the ability to manage one-to-one
(1:1) as well as many-to-many (N: N) relationships.
 Functional Flaws: Because a great
number of pointers is essential, insertion,
 Easy Access to Data: Accessing the data is simpler updates, and deletion become more
when compared to the hierarchical model. complex.
 Data Integrity: In a network model, there's always a  Lack of Structural Independence: A
connection between the parent and the child
change in structure demands a change in
segments because it depends on the parent-child
relationship. the application as well, which leads to
lack of structural independence.
 Data Independence: Data independence is better in
network models as opposed to the hierarchical
models.
Relational Databases Models

 Relational Databases are the most popular among all databases.

 In this type of database, there is a relationship between data and that is stored in
the form of the table of rows and columns, such that row represents record and
column represents the attribute.
 Every individual field represents the data value. In order to query the Relational
Databases, Structured Query Language (SQL) is used which includes insertion,
deletion, manipulation and search the records.
Relational Integrity constraints

 Domain constraints: Domain constraints can be violated if an attribute value is not

appearing in the corresponding domain or it is not of the appropriate data type.
Domain constraints specify that within each tuple, and the value of each attribute
must be unique.
 Key constraints: An attribute that can uniquely identify a tuple in a relation is
called the key of the table. The value of the attribute for different tuples in the
relation has to be unique.
 Referential integrity constraints: Referential integrity constraints is base on the
concept of Foreign Keys. A foreign key is an important attribute of a relation
which should be referred to in other relationships. Referential integrity constraint
state happens where relation refers to a key attribute of a different or same
relation.
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Relational Databases Models
Advantages Disadvantages
 Simplicity: A relational data model is simpler than  Few relational databases have limits on
the hierarchical and network model.
field lengths which can't be exceeded.
 Structural Independence: The relational database is
only concerned with data and not with a structure.
 Relational databases can sometimes
This can improve the performance of the model. become complex as the amount of data
 Easy to use: The relational model is easy as tables grows, and the relations between pieces
consisting of rows and columns is quite natural and of data become more complicated.
simple to understand  Complex relational database systems may
 Query capability: It makes possible for a high-level lead to isolated databases where the
query language like SQL to avoid complex database information cannot be shared from one
navigation.
system to another.
 Data independence: The structure of a database can
be changed without having to change any
application.
Object-oriented Databases Models

 Object-oriented Databases were created in the early 1980s.

 Object-Oriented Databases deals with the functionality of the object-oriented
programming and it increases the semantics of the C++ and Java.
 Advance programming language objects are required in Object-Oriented
Databases.
 It provides full-featured database programming capability while containing native
language compatibility such that it alters the database functionality to object
programming languages.
 Applications in Object-Oriented databases require less code, use more natural data
modeling, and code bases are easier to maintain.
 Different between Hierarchical, Network and  Relational
Database Model
Hierarchical Model Network Model Relational Model
1. Definition: Network model is a
1. Definition: Data gets stored in parent- database model that allows multiple 1. Definition: A relational model, on the
children relationship nodes. Also, the records to be linked to the same owner other hand, is a database model to
records not only contain the data of it file. manage data as tuples grouped into
but of their parent and children as relations (tables).
well. 2. Basis: Network model organizes data
in a graph structure. 2. Basis: Relational model arranges data in
2. Basis: Hierarchical model arranges tables.
data in a tree similar structure 3. Relationship: A Network model
represents “many to many” 3. Relationship: Relational model can
3. Relationship: Hierarchical model relationship. represent both “one to many” and
represents “one to many” “many to many” relationships.
relationship, 4. Accessing data:  It is easier to access
data in the network model. 4. Accessing data :  It is easier to access
4. Accessing data:  It is difficult to data in the network model
access data in the hierarchical model 5. Flexibility: The Network Model is
flexible. 5. Flexibility: The Relational Model is
5. Flexibility: The hierarchical model is flexible.
less flexible.
Similarities between Hierarchical, Network and
 Relational Database Model
 Every Model records the data’s.
 The data are manipulated in retrieve algorithms.
 Every database models are used for retrieving and storing the users data  by
considering appropriate security measures.
 It is widely used by all over the world such as Banking, Airlines,
Telecommunication, Finance and other industries.
 Cost of Hardware and Software of a DBMS is quite high which increases the
budget of your organization.
Conclusion

 Now, we may already know that database are used widely all over the world for
storing and retrieving the data’s for the future proposes. Every detail of users and
candidates should be recorded in order to maintain the conflict inside or outside
an organizations. This database helps in maintaining and increasing the budget of
an every organizations if it is used properly.
References

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 https://whatisdbms.com/data-models-in-dbms-11-types-of-data-models-with-diagr
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 https://searchsqlserver.techtarget.com/definition/database-management-system
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