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Lateral Resisting Systems

This document discusses lateral force resisting systems for multi-story structures. It describes various structural systems including braced frames, moment frames, shear walls, tube systems, outrigger bracing, and hybrid combinations. Each system is evaluated based on factors like height suitability, structural efficiency, and impact on floor plan design.

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77 views28 pages

Lateral Resisting Systems

This document discusses lateral force resisting systems for multi-story structures. It describes various structural systems including braced frames, moment frames, shear walls, tube systems, outrigger bracing, and hybrid combinations. Each system is evaluated based on factors like height suitability, structural efficiency, and impact on floor plan design.

Uploaded by

Aslam Kyon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CE 636 - Design of Multi-Story Structures

T. B. Quimby
UAA School of Engineering

Introduction to Lateral Force


Resisting Systems
Basic Concepts
 The LFRS is used to resist forces resulting
from wind or seismic activity.
 Buildings are basically big cantilever beams.
They are supported on one end only and the
loads are perpendicular to the beam.
 As in a beam, buildings are designed for
strength (shear and flexure) and
serviceability (deflection).
Constraints

 Strength
 Shear
 Flexure
 Serviceability
 Deflection
 Spatial Requirements
Structural Systems for Cantilever
Beams
 Braced Frame (Vertical Truss)
 Moment Frame
 Infilled-Frame
 Shear Wall (~ solid beam)
 Tube systems
 Combinations of the above
Braced Frames

 Braced Frames are basically vertical truss systems.


 Almost exclusively steel or timber.
 Highly efficient use of material since forces are
primarily axial. Creates a laterally stiff building
with relatively little additional material.
 Has little or no effect on the design of the
horizontal floor system.
 Good for buildings of any height.
 Bracing may intrude on the spatial constraints.
 May be internal or external.
Types of Bracing

 Different types of bracing


 Single Diagonal
 Double Diagonal
 Chevron Bracing
 Story height knee bracing (eccentricity braced
frames
 May be single story and/or bay or may span
over multiple stories and/or bays
Bracing
Large Scale Bracing

 Multiple Floors
 Multiple Bays
Moment Frames
(AKA Rigid Frames)

 Columns and Girders joined by moment resisting


connections
 Lateral stiffness of the frame depends on the the flexural
stiffness of the beams, columns, and connections.
 Economical for buildings up to about 25 stories.
 Well suited for reinforced concrete construction due to
the inherent continuity in the joints.
 Design of floor system cannot be repetitive since the
beams forces are a function of the shear at the level in
addition to the normal gravity loads.
 Gravity loads also resisted by frame action.
Moment Frame Behavior
 Note the bending in the typical beam,
column and joint.
Infilled Frames
 Common in many countries.
 Used for buildings up to 30 stories.
 Steel or concrete frame infilled with concrete or
masonry.
 Infill behaves as a strut in compression.
 Tension contribution is ignored.
 Due to random nature of masonry infill, it is difficult
to predict the stiffness and strength of this system.
 No method of analyzing infilled frames has gained
general acceptance.
Infilled Frames
Shear Walls

 Generally constructed with concrete, masonry, or


plywood. Sometimes steel.
 Shear walls have high in-plane stiffness and
strength.
 Well suited for tall buildings up to about 35 stories.
 Shear walls may intrude on the spatial constraints.
Best suited to residential and hotel construction.
 Can be used around elevator and/or stair cores.
Shear Wall Building
Coupled Shear Walls

 Special case of shear walls.


 Two or more shear walls in-plane, coupled
with a stiff beam or slab at each level.
 Tends to behave like a moment frame system
with very stiff columns.
 The coupling reduces lateral deflections.
 Forces in the coupling elements can be quite
large.
Coupled Shear Wall Building

 Free body of left shear wall has additional


reactions from the coupling members.
Wall-Frame Structures

 Combination of shear walls and rigid frames or


combination of braced and rigid frames.
 Shear walls and braced frames tend to deflect in
a flexural mode while the rigid frames tend to
deflect in a shear mode.
 In a wall-frame structure, both the shear walls
and rigid frames are constrained to act together,
resulting in a stiffer and stronger structure.
 Good for structures in the 40-60 story range.
Wall-Frame Building
Tube Systems
 The basic idea is to make a rectangular tube out the the
perimeter of the building.
 The tube is made up of closely spaced columns connected by
stiff spandrel beams creating very stiff moment frames.
 Frames parallel to direction of force act like webs to carry the
shear.
 Frames perpendicular to the direction of force act as flanges.
Flange forces are not uniform.
 Best applied to rectangular or circular plans.
 Suitable for both steel and concrete.
 Use for buildings of 40 stories or more.
 Frames are repetitive and easily constructed.
Tube System

 Gravity Loads taken by


frames and interior
columns.
 Aesthetically, the
system gets mixed
reviews because of the
small windows and the
repetition.
Tube Variations
 Tube-in-Tube or Hull-Core
 Inner tube is usually around an elevator or service core and
can be made very stiff with shear walls or braced frames.
 Bundled Tubes
 Introduces additional “web frames” which reduces shear lag
which makes flanges more efficient.
 Allows for more architectural variation.
 Sears Tower, Chicago
 Braced-Tube
 Utilizes a large scaled braced frame in place of rigid frames
 Allows for wider columns spacing and smaller spandrels.
Outrigger-Braced Structures

 Structural “depth” is increased (i.e. the


moment of inertia of the structure is
increased)
 Shear strength is unchanged.
 Utilizes a braced core with stiff outriggers to
mobilized outer columns in tension and
compression.
 4 to 5 outriggers appear to be the economical
limit.
Outrigger-Braced Structures

 Under Lateral Loads:


 Columns on one side are
in tension
 Columns on other side
are in compression.
Suspended Structures
 Used primarily to achieve some architectural purpose.
 Floor are hung from a truss on an upper level
 Tension members can be smaller than columns would
be in same place.
 Accumulated lengthening of tension members may
cause extreme deflection problems at lowest hung
floor. This can be controlled by hanging 10 or less floors
from a single truss.
 Limited to “shorter” structures since structural depth is
small at base, making lateral deflections large.
 There are several variations on the theme.
Suspended Structures

 Suspension does little to help the LFRS.


Core Structures

 Core carries all gravity and lateral forces.


 Core may be braced frame or shear wall.
 Floors are cantilevered off of the core.
 Creates a column free interior.
 Building width is limited by capabilities of the
cantilever.
 Building height limited by stiffness of core.
 Structurally inefficient.
Space Structures

 Three dimensional triangulated frame.


 Highly efficient and relatively light weight.
 Bank of China building in Hong Kong is a
classic example.
 Ingenuity required to get the gravity and
lateral loads from the floors into the space
frame.
Hybrid Structures

 Combinations of the various types of systems.


 There are almost limitless combinations.
 May be necessary to achieve architectural
goals. (“Postmodern” architecture
intentionally tries to get away from simple
prismatic building shapes.)
 The development of large scale computer
based analysis has made design of odd shapes
possible.

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