 Think about each of the following reactions:

Rank these reactions in order from the fastest

to the slowest.
 1. corrosion (e.g. the rusting of iron)
 2. photosynthesis
 3. decomposition of plastics
 4. combustion (e.g. propane burning)
 1. describe how various factors
influence the rate of a reaction,
 2. identify the factors that affect

rate of reaction
(STEM_GC11CK-IIIi-j-130)
 If the cadaver was buried on the following
setting/environment:
 a. Sand Dunes of Ilocos (Groups 1 & 2)
 b. Rainforest of Davao (Group 3 & 4)
 c. Loboc River in Bohol (Group 5 & 6)
 d. Lamon Bay in Polilio Islands, Quezon

Group 7 & 8)
 Do you think that the cadaver will be mummified the

same way as it is in Benguet?

 What are the possible factors that could affect the

cadaver’s decomposition/mummification?
 Groups 1–4
 Name some chemical processes happening

around us that you think happen too fast and

you want to be slowed down.
 Groups 5 - 8
 What processes are too slow that you want to

happen faster?
 studies the rates at which chemical
reactions occur.
 gives information about how the reaction

occur, that is, the reaction mechanism

 1. Each group will investigate one of the four
factors which can change the reaction rates.
 Station 1 Temperature (Groups 1 & 2)
 Station 2 Surface Areas (Groups 3 & 4)
 Station 3 Concentrations (Groups 5 &6)
 Station 4 Catalysts (Groups 7 & 8)
 2. Answer the following questions:
 a. Which reaction had the fastest rate?
 b. Explain what could be occurring at

the molecular level in each example.

(How are the molecules moving or
acting?)
1. Surface Area –rate of reaction ↑when the size
is smaller
2. Concentration of the reactants: conc. ↑, rate ↑
(or pressure for gases)
3. Temperature: temp. ↑, rate ↑ due to higher
molecular energy and speed
4. Catalysts: rate ↑ by changing the mechanism
and reaction energy
 Sample Reaction Observations
10 % by vol. Muriatic acid used in cleaning bathroom Smoke starts to appear
tiles after 10 s
1 % by vol. Muriatic acid used in cleaning bathroom tiles Smoke starts to appear
after 30 s
Powdered Oxalic acid mixed with Liquid Lye (“sosa”) Oxalic acid powder
dissolves after 15 s

Liquid Oxalic acid mixed with Liquid lye Oxalic acid and liquid
lye immediately mixes

Digestive process of Polar Bears during summer Yields 100 kcal / day
(Hypothetical value)

Digestive process of Polar Bears during winter (in Yields 10 kcal/day

hibernation) (hypothetical values)

Digestion of proteins by stomach acids Digested after 4 ½

hours
Digestion of proteins by stomach acids + pepsin Digested after 2 hours
 What are some possible ways of changing the
rate at which some reactions occur?
 One example is storing food at low

temperatures (inside a refrigerator!) to slow

down spoilage.
 Make a concept diagram/map about the factors
affecting rates of reactions.
 Indicate whether each of the following
scenarios would either increase or decrease the
rate of reaction.
 1. Adding heat
 2. Removing heat
 3. Adding a catalyst
 4. Diluting a solution
 5. Removing an enzyme
 6. Lowering the temperature
 7. Increasing the temperature
 8. Decreasing the surface area
 9. Increasing the concentration of a

solution
 10.Breaking a reactant down into

smaller pieces
 Case Studies:
 Identify the factor / factors affecting the rate of reaction
highlighted in the following situations:
 1. The ignition of charcoal occurs faster during summer
compared to rainy season.
 2. Cheese is produced by curdling milk. The process may
take days but adding renin from the cow’s stomach allows it to
happen in less than an hour.
 3. Laundromat A uses 500 g of detergent for 20 kilos of
laundry. On the other hand, Laundromat B uses 250 g of
detergent for the same amount of clothes. Customers observed
that clothes from Laundromat A appears cleaner than in
Laundromat B
 Rate – change in some variable per unit time
1
rate 
time
 Reaction rate – change in concentration per
unit time; M/s or mol/L·s
 Rates are determined by monitoring

concentration as a function of time.

 Rates are positive quantities; for reactant A:

[ A]
rate     final  initial
t
In this reaction, the
concentration of
butyl chloride,
C4H9Cl, was
measured at
various times.
 CO + NO2 → CO2 + NO
 Calculate the rxn rate of CO.
 CO conc’n (M) Time (s)
 0.100 0
 0.067 10
 0.050 20
 0.040 30
 0.033 40
 The molar ratios between reactants and
products correspond to the relative rates of
the reaction.
 Relative rates – relationship between rates
of reactant disappearance and product
appearance at a given time.

2 HI(g) → H2(g) + I2(g)

1 [ HI ] [ H 2 ] [ I 2 ]
rate    
2 t t t
 For the following reactions, write the
rate expression in terms of the
appearance or disappearance of
product or reactant, respectively.
 1)   2N O (g) → 2N O(g) + 3O (g)
2 4 2 2

 2) 2ClF3(g) → Cl2(g) + 3F2(g)

 For the reaction,
 2 N O (g) → 4 NO (g) + O (g)
2 5 2 2

the rate of formation of NO2(g) is 4.0 x 10-3

mol/L s.

 1) Calculate the rate of disappearance of

N2O5(g)

 2) Calculate the rate of appearance of O2(g).

1. What is the order with respect to NO?
2. What is the order with respect to H2?
3. What is the overall order?
4. If [NO] is doubled, what is the effect on the
reaction rate?
5. If [H2] is halved, what is the effect on the
reaction rate?
1. Calculate the rate of reaction when the
concentration of PtCl2(NH3)2 is 0.020M.
(b) Calculate rate when [NO] = 0.025 M and
[H2] = 0.015 M.
 Generally, as
temperature
increases, so
does reaction
rate.
 This is because

k is temperature
dependent.
Collision theory
 In a chemical reaction, bonds are broken
and new bonds are formed. In order for
molecules to react, they must collide.
 Collisions are either effective or ineffective
due to orientation of molecules.
 Collisions must have enough energy to
overcome the barrier to reaction, the
activation energy.
 Temperature affects the number of
collisions.
Molecular Collisions
 Energy barrier (hump) that must be overcome
for a chemical reaction to proceed
 Activated complex or transition state –

arrangement of atoms at the top of the barrier

 Energy difference between the reactant and the
highest energy along the reaction pathway
 Reaction specific
 Rate of reaction is dependent upon the
magnitude of Ea; Ea ↓, rate ↑ (generally)
 Temperature independent
Maxwell-Boltzman Distribution
 At higher
temperatures,
more molecules
will have adequate
energy to react.

 This increases the

reaction rate.
 Catalysts – increase the rate of a reaction
without being consumed or changing
chemically
 Accomplished by lowering the activation
energy and changing the reaction mechanism.
 1. Calculate the rate of rxn of HI.
H + I → 2HI
2 2
 Conc’n HI (M) Time (s)
 0.212 0
 0.289 20
 0.397 40
 0.423 60
 0.516 80
 2. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
 Calculate the rate of rxn of NH .
3
 Conc’n NH Time (s)
3
 0.244 0
 0.268 7.5
 0.297 15
 0.314 22.5
 0.356 30
 3.Given the reaction and rate law
shown below,
NO3(g) + NO(g) 2NO2(g)
Rate=k[NO3][NO]
as well as the rate and
concentration(s), what is the rate
constant?
rate=6.84 x 101M/s
[NO3]=2.93 x 10-1M
[NO]=8.64 x 10-1M
 4.Given the reaction and rate law
shown below,
CH3OH(g) CO(g) + 2H2(g)
Rate=k[CH3OH]2
as well as the rate constant and rate,
what is the [CH3OH]?
k=3.02 x 102/Ms
rate=2.51 x 102 M/s
 5. For the following reactions, write the
rate expression in terms of the appearance
or disappearance of product or reactant,
respectively.
 1)   2 SO (g) + O (g) → 2 SO (g)
2 2 3

 2) 4 HBr(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(g) + 2 Br2(g)

 3) 2 N2O5(g) → 4 NO2(g) + O2(g)

 6. For the reaction:
 2 NO(g) + 2 H (g) → N (g) + 2 H O(g)
2 2 2

a. How fast is [NO] decreasing when [N2] is

increasing at 2.55 x 10-3 mol/L s?

 B. How fast is [H2O] increasing when [NO] is

increasing at 4.12 x 10-4 mol/L s?
 1. Given the reaction and rate law shown
below,
C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O
Rate=k[O2]
as well as the rate constant and rate, what is
the [O2]?
k=3.15 x 10-3/s
rate=2.20 x 10-3M/s
 2.
CO(g) + H2O(g) → CO2(g) + H2(g)
Rate = k[H2O]2
as well as the rate and concentration, what is
the rate constant?
rate = 1.23 x 10-3M/s
[H2O] = 8.32 x 10-1M
 3.
C6H12O2 + 8O2 →6CO2 + 6H2O
Rate = k[O2][C6H12O2]
as well as the rate constant and
concentrations, calculate the reaction rate?
k = 2.73 x 10-1/M s
[O2] = 6.49 x 10-1M
[C6H12O2] = 7.40 x 10-1M
 4.
CO2(g) + H2(g) →CO(g) + H2O(g)
Rate = k[H2][CO2]
as well as the rate constant and rate, what is
the [CO2]?
k = 2.04 x 102/M s
rate = 3.96 M/s
[H2] = 9.57 x 10-1M

 5. Below is a table of concentration of NO2. Calculate
the average rate of NO2.
 2NO2 (g) → 2NO (g) + O2 (g) 
 Rate of Reaction of NO2
 Concentration of NO2 (M) Time (s)
 0.040 0
 0.031 15
 0.025 30
 0.021 45
 0.018 75
 6. Calculate the average reaction rate of FeCl3.
 2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3
  Rate of Reaction of FeCl3
 Concentration of FeCl3 Time (s)
 0.29 0
 0.20 25
 0.13 50
 0.09 75

 7. For the reaction,
2 N2O5(g) → 4 NO2(g) + O2(g)
the rate of formation of NO2(g) is
5.3 x 10-3 mol/L s.

 1) Calculate the rate of disappearance

of N2O5(g)
 2) Calculate the rate of appearance of

O2(g).