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Introduction To Integrated Circuits: Properties, Usag E, and Advantages

An integrated circuit is an electronic circuit formed on a small piece of semiconductor material like silicon. It can perform the functions of larger circuits made from discrete components. Integrated circuits are made of semiconducting materials like ultrapure silicon mixed with small amounts of other elements. Each integrated circuit chip is bonded to tiny wires and encased in a protective plastic or ceramic package with pins for connections. Integrated circuits combine many electronic devices like transistors on a single chip, allowing functions that used to require many chips to now be done by one. They have advantages of small size, low weight, reduced cost due to mass production, and high reliability.

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213 views15 pages

Introduction To Integrated Circuits: Properties, Usag E, and Advantages

An integrated circuit is an electronic circuit formed on a small piece of semiconductor material like silicon. It can perform the functions of larger circuits made from discrete components. Integrated circuits are made of semiconducting materials like ultrapure silicon mixed with small amounts of other elements. Each integrated circuit chip is bonded to tiny wires and encased in a protective plastic or ceramic package with pins for connections. Integrated circuits combine many electronic devices like transistors on a single chip, allowing functions that used to require many chips to now be done by one. They have advantages of small size, low weight, reduced cost due to mass production, and high reliability.

Uploaded by

Thea7378
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Integrated

Circuits: Properties, Usag


e, and Advantages
Presented by
Group 4
What is an Integrated Circu
it?
• It is an electronic circuit formed on a small piece of
semiconducting material, performing the same func
tion as a larger circuit made from discrete compone
nts.
• Also known as monolihic integrated circuit (also ref
erred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of e
lectronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip")
of semiconductor material that is normally silicon.
Characteristics of I
ntegrated Circuit
Materials
• Integrated circuits are made of semiconducting mat
erials, which are midway between good conductors
, like copper, and insulators such as plastic. Silicon is
the current favorite. Ultrapure silicon is mixed with
small, precise amounts of other elements to create
electronic materials with different characteristics.
Packaging
• The integrated circuit chip is too small and delicate
to be handled directly. Each chip is bonded to a set
of tiny gold or aluminum wires and set into a flat bl
ock of plastic or ceramic. The block has metal pins o
n the outside, leading to the wires inside. The pins f
orm a solid mechanical and electrical connection to
other components in a system. The plastic block pr
otects the IC chip and helps keep it cool. The manuf
acturer name and part number is usually printed on
the top.
• ICs come in a variety of package types. Simple chips
come in a dual-inline package, or DIP. These are lon
g rectangles with four, seven, eight, or more pins on
either side. As chip complexity has grown, designer
s have added more pins. Some microprocessor chip
s have hundreds of pins. These are arranged in neat
rows on the bottom of the chip.
Size
• The size of the actual integrated circuit chip varies f
rom 1 square mm to more than 200. The plastic pac
kage that contains the chip is a few times larger. Its
thickness can range from a fraction of a millimeter t
o a few millimeters.
Density
• In 2009, transistors on some computer chips measu
re 45 nanometers (billionths of a meter) on a side. T
hese chips have more than 100 million transistors. S
ince the 1960s, the semiconductor industry has ma
naged to double the number of transistors on a chi
p every two years, a trend known as Moore's Law. A
s the transistor count goes up, so does the chip's fu
nctionality .
Integration
• Discrete devices, like transistors and LEDs, are mad
e of individual silicon chips. Integrated circuits get t
heir name because they combine many different de
vices on the same chip. Since the transistors on a ch
ip are so small, many sub-functions that used to be
performed by many chips are now done by one. A
microcontroller, for example, incorporates a comple
te microprocessor, memory and interface all in the
same device.
Usage of Integrated
Circuit
• The integrated circuit uses a semiconductor materia
l (read chips) as the working table and frequently sil
icon is selected for the task. Afterwards, electrical c
omponents such as diodes, transistors and resistors
, etc. are added to this chip in minimized form. Elect
rical components are joined together in such a way
that they are able to carry out multiple tasks and ca
lculations. The silicon is known as a wafer in this ass
embly.
Advantages of Integr
ated Circuit
• They have a very small size. Hundred times smaller
than discrete circuits.
• Lesser weight: As large number of components can
be packed into a single chip, weight is reduced.
• Reduced cost: The mass production technique has
helped to reduce the price.
• High reliability: Due to absence of soldered connec
tion, few interconnections and small temperature ri
se failure rate is low.

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