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PAMANTASAN NG COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA AND URBAN PLANNING

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
TYPES, SYSTEMS, &
COMPONENTS THAT
INFORM DESIGN
ALNIE KHAYZER HAYUDINI, RLA, RMP
Building Types Skyscraper
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A building of exceptional
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height and many stories,

supported by a steel or
concrete framework from
which the walls are
suspended.

High-rise
Describing a building having
a comparatively large number
of stories and equipped with
elevators.

Mid-rise
Describing a building having
Low-rise a moderately large number of
Describing a building having stories, usually 5 to 10, and
one, two, or three stories and equipped with elevators.
u s u a l l y n o e l e v a t o r.

Loft Loft building

O n e o f t h e u p p e r f l o o r s o f a w a re h o u s e o r f a c t o r y, A building having several floors with
typically unpartitioned and sometimes converted or large areas of unobstructed space,
adapted to other uses, such as living quarters, originally rented out for light industrial
artists’ studios, or exhibition galleries. purposes and now frequently converted
t o re s i d e n t i a l o c c u p a n c y.
Basic Elements Page 3

of a Building
 Flat roof
Roof
The external upper covering
A roof having no slope, or one
with only a slight pitch to
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Pitched roof
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of a building, including the d r a i n r a i n w a t e r. A roof having one

frame for supporting the or more slopes.
roofing.
Gable
The triangular portion of
wall enclosing the end of a
pitched roof from cornice
or eaves to ridge.

Ridge
A horizontal line of
intersection at the top
between two sloping Hip
planes of a roof. The inclined projecting
angle formed by the
junction of two adjacent
sloping sides of a roof.

Dormer
A projecting structure built
Va l l e y out from a sloping roof,
An intersection of two usually housing a vertical
inclined roof surfaces window or ventilating
toward which rainwater louver
flows.
Dome Page 5
A vaulted structure having
a circular plan and usually
the
form of a portion of a
sphere, so constructed as to
exert an equal thrust in all
directions.

Tr u s s
A structural frame based on the geometric rigidity
of the triangle and composed of linear members
subject only to axial tension or compression.
Ceiling Page 6

The overhead interior surface or lining of a room, often

concealing the underside of the floor or roof above.
Plenum
The space between a
suspended ceiling and the
floor structure above, esp.
one that serves as a receiving
chamber for conditioned air
to be distributed to
Acoustical ceiling
inhabited spaces or for
A ceiling of acoustical tile or
return air to be conveyed
other sound-absorbing
back to a central plant for
material.
processing.
Suspended ceiling
A ceiling suspended from an
overhead floor or roof
structure to provide space
for pipes, ductwork, lighting
fixtures, or other service
equipment.

Integrated ceiling Drop ceiling

A suspended ceiling system A secondary ceiling formed
incorporating acoustical, to to alter the proportions of
lighting, and air-handling a room.
components into a unified
whole.
 Beam ceiling Page 7
The underside of a floor
showing the supporting
beams and finished to
form a ceiling.

Lacunar
A ceiling, soffit, or vault
adorned with a pattern of
recessed panels.

Coffer
One of several recessed,
Va u l t
usually square or octagonal
panels in a ceiling, soffit, or
An arched structure of
vault. Also called caisson,
stone, brick, or reinforced
l a c u n a r.
concrete, forming a ceiling
or roof over a hall, room,
or other wholly or partially
enclosed space.

Since a vault behaves as an

arch extended in a third
dimension, the longitudinal
supporting walls must be Barrel vault
buttressed to counteract A vault having a
the thrusts of the arching semicircular cross section.
action.
Room Attic
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A portion of space within a A room or space directly

building, separated by walls under the roof of a
or partitions from other building, esp. a house.
similar spaces.

Crawl space
An area in a building Cellar
having a clearance less A room or set of
than human height, but rooms for the storage
accessible by crawling, of food, fuel, or the
esp. such a space below like, wholly or partly
the first floor that is underground and
enclosed by the usually beneath a
foundation walls. building.
Bulkhead
A horizontal or inclined door over
a s t a i r w a y g i v i n g a c c e s s t o a c e l l a r.
 Porch
Stoop Page 9
An exterior appendage to a
A raised platform,
building, forming a covered
approached by steps and
approach or vestibule to a
sometimes having a roof, at
d o o r w a y.
the entrance of a house.
Portico
A porch having a roof supported
Ve r a n d a by columns, often leading to the
A large, open porch,
entrance of a building.
usually roofed and partly
enclosed, as by a railing,
Colonnade
often extending across the
A series of regularly spaced
front and sides of a house.
columns supporting an
entablature and usually one side
of a roof structure.

Te r r a c e
An open, often paved area
connected to a house or
building and serving as an
outdoor living area.

Deck
An open, unroofed porch or platform
extending from a house or other building.
 P a g e 10

Court
An area open to the sky and mostly or
entirely surrounded by walls or
buildings.

Courtyard
A court adjacent to or within a
building, esp. one enclosed on all four Rotunda
sides. A round, domed building, or
a large and high circular
Patio space in such a building, esp.
A courtyard, esp. of a house, enclosed one surmounted by a dome.
by low buildings, arcades, or walls.

Atrium
A skylit, central court in a
building, esp. a large interior one
having a glass roof and surrounded
by several stories of galleries.
 Bearing wall
Wall A wall capable of
supporting an imposed Interior wall
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Any of various load, such as from a Any wall within a

upright floor or roof of a building, entirely
constructions building. surrounded by
presenting a exterior walls.
continuous surface
and serving to
enclose, divide, or
protect an area.

Exterior wall
A wall forming part of the envelope
of a building, having one face
exposed to the weather or to earth.

Pilaster
A shallow rectangular
feature projecting from
a wall, architecturally Party wall
treated as a column. A wall used jointly by
contiguous structures,
erected upon a line
dividing two parcels of
land, each of which is a
s e p a r a t e re a l - e s t a t e e n t i t y.
Shell
The exterior framework or P a g e 12

walls and roof of a

building.

Stud
Any of a repetitive series of
Curtain wall
s l e n d e r, u p r i g h t m e m b e r s o f An exterior wall supported
wood or light-gauge metal wholly by the structural
forming the structural frame of a building and
frame of a wall or partition. carrying no loads other
than its own weight and
wind loads.

Facade Fenestration Articulation

The front of a building or The design, A method or manner of
any of its sides facing a proportioning, and jointing that makes the
public way or space, esp. disposition of windows u n i t e d p a r t s c l e a r,
one distinguished by its and other exterior distinct, and precise in
architectural treatment. openings of a building. r e l a t i o n t o e a c h o t h e r.
Brick
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A masonry unit of clay
formed into a rectangular
prism while plastic and
hardened by drying in the
sun or firing in a kiln.

Rammed earth
A s t i f f m i x t u re o f c l a y, s a n d o r
o t h e r a g g r e g a t e , a n d w a t e r,
compressed and dried within
forms as a wall construction.

Concrete
An artificial, stonelike building
material made by mixing cement and
various mineral aggregates with
sufficient water to cause the cement
to set and bind the entire mass.
 WindowP a g e 14

An opening in the
Window wall of a building
for admitting light
frame a n d a i r, u s u a l l y
fitted with a frame
Sash in which are set
operable sashes
containing panes
of glass.
Double-hung window
Pane
A window having two
vertically sliding sashes,
each in separate grooves
or tracks and closing a
different part of the
w i n d o w.

Mullion

Muntin
Casement window
A window with at least
one casement, often
used in combination
with fixed lights.
 Aw n i n g w i n d o w
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A window having one or
more sashes swinging
Gable window
outward on hinges A window in or under a gable.
generally attached to the
top of the frame. Bay window
A window or series of windows
projecting outward from the main
Hopper window wall of a building and forming an
A window having one or alcove in a room within.
more sashes swinging
inward on hinges generally Louver
attached on the bottom. An opening fitted with slanting,
fixed or movable slats to admit air
Clerestory b u t e x c l u d e r a i n a n d s n o w o r,
A portion of an interior louvre.
rising above adjacent
rooftops and having
windows admitting
d a y l i g h t t o t h e i n t e r i o r. Tr a n s o m w i n d o w
A window above the
t r a n s o m o f a d o o r w a y.

Picture window
A large, usually
fixed single-
p a n e w i n d o w,
placed to frame
an attractive
e x t e r i o r v i e w.
 Sunshade P a g e 16
Monitor Any of various
A raised exterior devices
construction consisting of fixed
straddling the horizontal or vertical
ridge of a roof, fins angled to shield
having windows a window from direct
Skylight or louvers for sunlight.
An opening in a lighting or
roof or ceiling, ventilating a
glazed with a building.
Brise-soleil
transparent or A screen, usually of
translucent louvers, placed on
material, for the outside of a
admitting daylight. building to shield the
windows from direct
sunlight.

Light shelf
A horizontal overhang that
shades glazing from direct
sunlight below while
reflecting daylight through
glazing above onto the ceiling
of a room and more deeply
into a space.
 Folding door
Door A d o o rP aw
g e i t17h

hinged sections
A hinged, sliding, that can be
or folding barrier
Bifold door
A folding door that divides into folded flat
of wood, metal, or against one
glass for opening two leaves, the inner edge of
each leaf being hung from an another when
and closing an opened.
entrance to a overhead track and the outer
building, room, or edges pivoted at the jamb.
Accordion door
cabinet. A multi-leafed
Single-acting door door that is hung
A door hung on from an overhead
hinges that permit it track and opens
to swing in one by folding back
d i re c t i o n o n l y. in the manner of
an accordion.
Double-acting door Sliding door
A door hung on A door that operates Pocket door
hinges that permit it or moves by sliding on A door that
to swing in either a track, usually slides into and
direction from a parallel to a wall. out of a
closed position. recess in a
doorway wall.

Double doors
A pair of doors hung
in the same
doorframe.
 Revolving door P a g e 18
An entrance door for excluding
drafts from the interior of a
building, consisting of four
leaves set in the form of a cross
and rotating about a central,
vertical pivot within a
cylindrically shaped vestibule.
Some revolving doors
automatically fold back in the
direction of egress when pressure
is applied, providing a legal
passageway on both sides of the
door pivot.
Flush door Paneled door
A door having A door having a
smooth-surfaced framework of stiles,
French door faces. rails, and sometimes
A door having muntins, filled with
rectangular glass panels of a thinner
panes extending material.
throughout its
length, and often
hung in pairs.
Dutch door
A door divided
horizontally so
that the upper or
lower part can be
opened or closed
s e p a r a t e l y.
Floor P a g e 19

A continuous Mezzanine
supporting surface A low or partial story between two
extending horizontally main stories of a building, esp.
throughout a building, one that projects as a balcony and
having a number of forms a composition with the story
rooms and beneath it.
constituting one level
in the structure.

Stair
Ground floor
One of a flight or
The floor of a building at or
series of steps for
nearest to ground level.
going from one level
t o a n o t h e r, a s i n a
building.

Basement
A story of a building that is
wholly or partly below ground
level.

Areaway Subbasement
A sunken area affording Any story or floor below the main
a c c e s s , a i r, a n d l i g h t t o a basement of a building.
b a s e m e n t d o o r o r w i n d o w.
 Front Orientation
Building Site To f a c e i n a
specific direction
T h e p o s i t i o n o f a b uP ai gl ed i20n g o n a
site in relation to true north,
or look out upon. to points on the compass, to a
specific place or site feature,
Piazza or to local conditions of
An open square sunlight, wind, and drainage.
Pavilion
or public place in A small, often ornamental
a city or town, building in a garden.
e s p . i n I t a l y.
Gazebo
Promenade A freestanding roofed structure,
An area used for a usually open on the sides, affording
stroll or walk, esp. in shade and rest in a garden or park.
a public place, as for Belvedere
p l e a s u r e o r d i s p l a y. A building, or architectural feature
of a building, designed and
Allée situated to look out upon a
French term for a pleasing scene.
broad walk planted To p i a r y
with trees. The work or art of
clipping or trimming into
Tr e l l i s ornamental and fantastic
A frame supporting open shapes.
latticework, used as a screen or
a support for growing vines or Parterre
plants. An ornamental
Pergola arrangement of flower
A structure of parallel colonnades
beds of different shapes
supporting an open roof of beams and
and sizes.
crossing rafters or trelliswork, over which
c l i m b i n g p l a n t s a r e t r a i n e d t o g r o w.
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Thank you &

*Images used in this presentation is not the property of the presenter.
References:
• Ching, F. (2013). INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-118-14206-6

keep safe.