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Animal Form and Function: C E L P

This module covers the structure and function of animal organ systems including the integumentary system, skeletal system, and muscular system of both invertebrates and vertebrates. It describes the key components and features of these systems for different animal types, such as the hydrostatic skeleton of worms, exoskeleton of arthropods, and endoskeleton of vertebrates. The objectives are for students to understand the anatomy and physiology of these organ systems and how they allow for animal movement.

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Joshua Miguel Buno
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247 views

Animal Form and Function: C E L P

This module covers the structure and function of animal organ systems including the integumentary system, skeletal system, and muscular system of both invertebrates and vertebrates. It describes the key components and features of these systems for different animal types, such as the hydrostatic skeleton of worms, exoskeleton of arthropods, and endoskeleton of vertebrates. The objectives are for students to understand the anatomy and physiology of these organ systems and how they allow for animal movement.

Uploaded by

Joshua Miguel Buno
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 4

Animal Form and Function


Prepared by:
Mr. Jay Flores Tandan
Faculty, College Department

Centro Escolar Las Piñas


Objectives
At the end of this module,
the students should be able to:
• Describe the structure and physiology of
the different organ systems
• Differentiate the types of skeletons
• Explain the ability of animals to create
gross anatomical movements
Integumentary System
• Integument
-external covering of the body
Functions:
Protection from mechanical and
chemical injury and invasion by
microorganism;
Regulation of body temperature;
Excretion of waste materials;
Formation of vitamin D3;
Reception of environmental
stimuli;
Locomotion;
Movement of nutrient and gases
• Integumentary System of
Invertebrates

Integument
-for most multicellular invertebrates
-consists of single layer of
columnar epithelial cells
(Epidermis)
may possess cilia, glandular cells;
basement membrane;
connective tissue (fibers and cells)
Zoology 10th Ed. by Miller and Harley, p. 436
• Integumentary System of
Vertebrates

Skin
-vertebrate integument
-largest organ; grows with the
animal
Epidermis
-consists of epithelial tissue
(one to several cells thick)

Dermis
-includes connective tissue:
collagenous, reticular and elastic
fibers
Hypodermis
-comprise of loose connective
tissue, adipose tissue, and nerve
endings
-separates the skin from deeper
tissues
Integrated Principles of Zoology 17th Ed. by Hickman Jr. et al., p. 641
Zoology 10th Ed. by Miller and Harley, p. 439
Skeletal System
• Skeletal System of Invertebrates

Kinds of Skeleton
Hydrostatic skeleton
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
Hydrostatic skeleton
-compose of core of liquid (water
or a body fluid such as blood) and
sheath of longitudinal and
circular muscles
Zoology 10th Ed. by Miller and Harley, p. 441
Contracting muscles push
against a hydrostatic skeleton,
and the transmitted force
generates body movements

Example: Sea anemone


Alternately contracting its
longitudinal and circular muscles

Example: Earthworm
Lumbricus terrestris
Exoskeleton
-also have locomotor functions
(site for muscle attachment and
counterforces for muscle
movements);
secondary functions: support and
protect the body
Zoology 10th Ed. by Miller and Harley, p. 442
Endoskeleton
-use for protection and support
Endoskeleton of sponges
-made up of mineral spicules and
fibers of spongin

Endoskeleton of
echinoderms (sea stars, sea
urchins)
-made up of small, calcareous plates
(Ossicles)
Zoology 10th Ed. by Miller and Harley, p. 153
Zoology 10th Ed. by Miller and Harley, p. 304
• Skeletal System of Vertebrates

Endoskeleton
-enclosed by other body tissues
-comprise of connective tissues:
cartilage and bone
Integrated Principles of Zoology 17th Ed. by Hickman Jr. et al., p. 192
Zoology 10th Ed. by Miller and Harley, p. 444
Muscular System
• Muscular System of
Invertebrates

Functional differences between


invertebrate muscles and
vertebrate skeletal muscles:
At least two motor nerves
innervate a typical muscle fiber
(one motor nerve fiber causes a
fast contraction while the other a
slow contraction)

Example: Arthropods
Upward wing movement (rather
than a nerve impulse) activates
the muscles that produce the
downstroke

Example:
Insect (bees, wasps, flies, beetles)
• Muscular System of
Vertebrates

Skeletal muscles
-attach to vertebrate
endoskeleton
Tendon
-tough, fibrous bands or cords;
join skeletal muscles to the
skeleton
Zoology 10th Ed. by Miller and Harley, p. 31
Ward’s Science+ Frog Visual Dissection Guide by Hofgesang
References
• Dela Paz, Reynaldo M., Annabelle A. Herrera and Edna A.
Amparado. Lecture Notes on Zoology. Quezon City: ACLC Trading
Enterprises, 2006

• Hickman Jr., Cleveland P. et al. Integrated Principles of Zoology.


17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2017

• Miller, Stephen A. and John P. Harley. Zoology.10th ed.


New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2016

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