CHEMISTRY

ASSIGNMENT :
PERIODIC TABLE
NAME: NURUL SARAHANIS BINTI AZHAR
MATRICULATION ID: MS2017106283
CLASS: M4T20
LECTURER’S NAME: MADAM AINI
 INTRODUCTION
-I was assigned to choose 4 elements and discuss their trend in periodic table
based on its atomic radius ,ionic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity,
elements in group and elements in period.
-For this assignment, four elements that I choose are: Si, P, As and Cr

Source: https://www.ft.com
/content/babc68e0-158f-11e9-
a581-4ff78404524e
WHAT IS PERIODIC TABLE?
• The periodic table of elements arranges all of the known chemical elements in an
informative array. Elements are arranged from left to right and top to bottom in order of
increasing atomic number. Order generally coincides with increasing atomic mass.

• The rows are called periods. The period number of an element signifies the highest
energy level an electron in that element occupies (in the unexcited state), according to
the Los Alamos National Laboratory (Maida Trujillo,2011).

• Elements that occupy the same column on the periodic table (called a "group") have
identical valance electron configurations and consequently behave in a similar fashion
chemically.There are 18 groups all together and it is divided into 3 block which is s-block,
p-block and d-block.
 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF
EACH ELEMENTS
• 

: (anomalous case)
WHY DOES THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
OF Cr IS IN ANAMALOUS CASE?
•  Chromium,Cr is said to have a configuration of as opposed to
• The configuration of possesses a half-filled sub-shell and that this is
consequently more stable than the expected configuration of
• In order to get a stable electronic configuration, will donate one electron to
the .
• Predicted electronic configuration:
Actual electronic configuration :
 ELEMENTS IN GROUP
• Element in the same group: • Silicon, Si (placed in group 14)
Phosphorus, P and Arsenic, As (group 15) -The carbon family consists of the elements carbon (C),
-Group 15 elements are also called “Nitrogen family” silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and
flerovium (Fl).
-All the elements of the group exist in a polyatomic
state. -Atoms of elements in this group have four valence
electrons.
-The valence shells of the p-Block elements have a
configuration of ns2 np3. -The carbon family is also known as the carbon group,
group 14, or the tetrels.
-So the elements here can either lose 5 electrons or
gain 3. -Elements in this family are of key importance for
semiconductor technology.
-The common oxidation states of these elements are
-3, +3 and +5. • Chromium, Cr (placed in group 6).
-Melting point increases down the group. -The group 6 metals are slightly less electropositive
than those of the three preceding groups, and the two
-Boiling point increases down the group. heaviest metals are essentially the same size because
-Metallic character increases down the group. of the lanthanide contraction.
 ELEMENTS IN PERIOD
Elements in the same period: • Chromium, Cr and Arsenic, As (period
• Silicon, Si and Phosphorus, P (Period 3) 4)
-For Period 4, the Group1 Alkali Metal
-Period 3 of the Periodic Table consists of the (potassium, lowest Z) has the lowest
elements Sodium, Magnesium, Aluminium, electronegativity and the Group 7 Halogen &
Silicon, Phosphorus, Sulphur, Chlorine and Group 0/18 Noble Gas (bromine & krypton,
Argon. highest Z's) have the highest electronegativities
-They can be roughly divided into metals (Na, (there is some uncertainty in the noble gas
Mg and Al), metalloids (Si) and non-metals (P, electronegativities).
S, Cl, and Ar). -Every single one of these elements is stable, and
many are extremely common in the Earth's crust
-The elements within these groups tend to and/or core; it is the last period with no unstable
have similar chemical properties and form elements at all. Many of the transition metals in
similar compounds such as oxides, which in period 4 are very strong, and therefore
turn have similar reactions. commonly used in industry, especially iron.
ATOMIC RADIUS
According to chemistry
dictionary(2017), The atomic radius is
the size of the atom, typically
measured by the distance from the
nucleus of the atom to the electron
clouds around the nucleus. As there
are no physical existence of orbital in
atoms, it is difficult to measure the
atomic radius. Thus sometime
different methods are used to
measure the radius while they are
bonded in a molecule.

Source of picture: https://socratic.org

/questions/5825e4e111ef6b527a305eac
 Atomic radius
• 
• Down the group , the principal quantum number ,n of
valence electrons increase.
• Therefore, the atomic radius of element Si is bigger
than element P when across period 2. The atomic
• This will increase the screening effect. radius of element Cr is bigger than element As
when across period 3.
• The attraction between nucleus and valence electrons
become weaker as the valence electrons become further
away from the nucleus.
THE ASCENDING ORDER OF ATOMIC RADIUS
• Therefore, the atomic radius of As is bigger than atomic
radius of P as element P placed higher in group 15 while
element As placed under P in group 15. P<Si<As<Cr
• When across a period, the number of proton increase
which affect in increasing the effective nuclear charge,
• The outer electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus.
Increasing the nucleus-electron attraction.
• Thus, the atomic radius will become smaller and decreases
from left to right.
IONIC RADIUS
According to Anne Marie
Helmenstine(2019) the ionic
radius is the measure of an
atom's ion in a crystal lattice.
It is half the distance between
two ions that are barely
touching each other. Since the
boundary of the electron shell
of an atom is somewhat fuzzy,
the ions are often treated as
though they were solid
spheres fixed in a lattice.
Source of picture:
http://crystalmaker.com/support/tutorials/atomic-radii/index.html
 IONIC RADIUS
• When an atom loses an electron to form a cation, the lost electron no longer contributes to shielding the
other electrons from the charge of the nucleus.
• Consequently, the other electrons are more strongly attracted to the nucleus, and the radius of the atom
gets smaller as the electron cloud shrink.
• When an electron is added to an atom, forming an anion, the added electron repels other electrons,
resulting in an increase in the size of the atom as the electron cloud expand.
• The trend observed in size of ionic radius is due to shielding of the outermost electrons by the inner-shell
electrons so that the outer shell electrons do not “feel” the entire positive charge of the nucleus.
 IONIC RADIUS
• 
Silicon() and Phosphorus ( • 
Chromium()and Arsenic()
• Si release its outer electron and becomes • Both elements release their electrons and become
which is positive ion positive ions.
• The proton number and effective nuclear • The proton number and effective nuclear charge
charge increase across the period causes increases across period
ionic radius to decrease
• Therefore, the ionic radius of is bigger than ionic
• P gain electrons and becomes which is
radius of .
negative ion.
• The proton number and effective nuclear In conclusion, has the biggest ionic radius compared to ,
charge increase across the period causes and .
ionic radius to increase THE ASCENDING ORDER OF IONIC RADIUS.

• In conclusion, ionic radius of P is bigger than

ionic radius of Si. Si<As<Cr<P
 IONISATION ENERGY
• 
• According to Anne Marie Helmenstine (2019), Ionization energy is
the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or
• When going down a group, the number of shell
increase affecting the increasing of shielding effect
ion. The first or initial ionization energy or of an atom or molecule is and the atomic size.
the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole
of isolated gaseous atoms or ions. • Valence electrons are farther away from the nucleus
and will be held less tightly by the nucleus.
• When moving across a period, the effective nuclear charge increase
causes the size of the atoms to decrease. • The attraction between nucleus and the valence
• The valence electrons will become closer to the nucleus and electron are weaker and it is easier to remove one
affecting the attraction between the nucleus and the valence electron from each atom.
electrons become stronger. • So, less energy is required to remove the first
• More energy will be required to remove the outermost electron electron and this will decreasing the ionisation
from an atom as it is more difficult to remove an electron from each energy.
atom. • Therefore, the ionisation energy of element P is
• Thus, ionisation energy will increase. higher than element As when going down group 15.
• Therefore, the ionisation energy of element P is higher than element • In conclusion , P has the highest ionisation energy.
Si when across period 2 and the ionisation of element As is higher
than element Cr when across period 3. THE INCREASING ORDER OF IONISATION ENERGY

Cr<Si<As<P
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
• According to
byju’s(2020),electronegativity is
the tendency of an atom in a
molecule to attract the shared
pair of electrons towards itself
is known as electronegativity. It
is a dimensionless property
because it is only a tendency. It
basically indicates the net result
of the tendencies of atoms in
different elements to attract the Source of picture :
bond-forming electron pairs. https://socratic.org/questions/what-trend-in-electronegativity-
do-you-see-as-you-go-across-a-period-row-on-the-
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY
•• Across
 increasea period, the proton number • When going down a group, atomic radius and additional
resulting in the increase of screening effect of the extra electron shells increases.
effective nuclear charge, as the nucleus • Number of shell increase and the screening effect
charge become more positive. increase as the atomic size increase.
• The atomic radius will decrease and the • The attraction of the nucleus and outer electron
attraction between nucleus and outer become weaker.
electron become stronger.
• Hence, the atom has smaller relative tendency to attract
• Hence, the atom has greater relative electron itself.
tendency to attract electron itself.
• The electronegativity decrease.
• The electronegativity will increase.
• Therefore, the electronegativity of element P is greater
• Therefore, the electronegativity of than element As.
element P is greater than element Si THE ASCENDING ORDER OF ELECTRONEGATIVITY
when across period 2. The
electronegativity of element As is greater Cr<Si<As<P
than element Cr.
 Si P
Silicon is one of the most useful A large amount is
elements to mankind. Most is converted to sulfides
used to make alloys including used in matches and in
aluminium-silicon and ferro- the manufacture of
silicon (iron-silicon). These are
used to make dynamo and insecticides and oil
transformer plates, engine additives.
blocks, cylinder heads and
machine tools and to deoxidise
steel.
APPLICATION IN
DAILY LIFE
As
Arsenic is a well-known
Cr
Chromium is used to
poison. Arsenic
harden steel, to
compounds are
sometimes used as rat manufacture stainless
steel (named as it won’t
poisons and insecticides
but their use is strictly rust) and produse
controlled. several alloys.
 ACRONYM
• ELEMENT IN GROUP 15 • ELEMENT IN PERIOD 3
N -Never Na - Nak
P -Protest Mg – Mg
As - As it will Si - Sila
Sb - Start becoming a P - Pergi tanya
Bi -Big problem S - Sir yang
Cl - Clever iaitu
Ar -Aris.
 CONCLUSION
•  Atomic radius decreases, first ionization energy increases,
electron affinity increases, effective nuclear charge, and the
electronegativity increases.

Atomic radius
increase, first
ionization energy
decreases,
electron affinity
decrease ,principal
quantum number,
n increase,
screening effect
Source of picture :
increases and
https://
electronegativity
www.wuwm.com
decreases
/post/periodic-table
-elements-turns-150
#stream/0
Website:
REFERANCES
- Gregersen, E. (2017, August 28). Phosphorus. Retrieved October 21, 2020, from
https://www.britannica.com/science/phosphorus-chemical-element

- Anne Marie Helmenstine, P. (2019, September 16). Here's What Trends Ionic Radius Follow in the Periodic Table. Retrieved
October 21, 2020, from https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-ionic-radius-and-trend-605263

- Anomalous configuration of chromium and related issues. (n.d.). Retrieved October 20, 2020, from
http://ericscerri2.blogspot.com/

- Atomic Radius Definition, Trend, And Atomic Radius Periodic Table Chart. (2017, November 14). Retrieved October 21,
2020, from https://chemdictionary.org/atomic-radius/

- Silicon - Element information, properties and uses: Periodic Table. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2020, from
https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/14/silicon

- Admin. (2020, October 06). Electronegativity - Definition, Periodic Trends, Effect on Bonding, FAQs. Retrieved October 21,
2020, from https://byjus.com/chemistry/electronegativity/
Book:

-Yin Toon, T. (2014). Chemistry for Matriculation Semester 1 (Sheila Shamunagathan), Ed.; Fourth Edition). Oxford Fajar
Sdn. Bhd