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Therapeutics in Aquaculture (AAH 301 1+1)

The document discusses therapeutics used in aquaculture, including chemotherapy agents, antibiotics, antibacterials, antimicrobials, and other drugs. It provides a history of chemotherapy beginning with empirical use of natural substances in ancient times. It also describes the modern era of chemotherapy ushered in by sulfonamides and antibiotics like penicillin. The document classifies therapeutics and discusses their mechanisms of action, sources, and appropriate usage.

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2K views25 pages

Therapeutics in Aquaculture (AAH 301 1+1)

The document discusses therapeutics used in aquaculture, including chemotherapy agents, antibiotics, antibacterials, antimicrobials, and other drugs. It provides a history of chemotherapy beginning with empirical use of natural substances in ancient times. It also describes the modern era of chemotherapy ushered in by sulfonamides and antibiotics like penicillin. The document classifies therapeutics and discusses their mechanisms of action, sources, and appropriate usage.

Uploaded by

RISHIKA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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17.09.

2019

Therapeutics in Aquaculture
(AAH 301; 1+1)
Scope and current scenario of therapeutics in aquaculture.
Chemotherapy: History, definition, terms used and classification of
AMA.
Antibacterial agents, mode of action, general principles,
classification, Antibiotics-different classes and their mode of action,
properties etc.
Antibiotic resitance.
Antiseptics and disinfectants.
Antiparasiticides: Ectoparasites, Endoparasites and Protozoanes.
Antibiotics used in aquaculture
Biologics: Immuno-stimulants and Vaccines-Principles in
preparation/formulation, mechanism of action.

Drug formulation for aquaculture-Principles in


preparation/formulation, mechanism of action, drug leaching,
stabilizer, binders and dosage.

Therapeutants in aquaculture: Classification, pesticides, fungicides/


algicides, hormones, anaesthetics, flesh color enhancers, Chemicals
of therapeutic value, Low priority aquaculture drugs.

Drugs used for structural material and substances for maintenance,


substances connected with zoo technical practices, list of the drugs
used in aquaculture with therapeutics
Therapeutics: In medicine, the branch that deals specifically with
the treatment of disease and the art and science of healing.

In pharmacology, therapeutics accordingly refers to the use of


drugs and the method of their administration in the treatment of
disease

Chemotherapy: the treatment of disease by the use of chemical


substances

Chemical substance-Chemotherapeutic agent


The history of chemotherapy may be divided into 3
phases.

The period of empirical use –


mouldy soyabean curd by Chinese on boils,
chaulmoogra oil by Hindus in leprosy,
chenopodium by Aztecs for intestinal worms,
mercury by Paracelsus (16th century) for syphilis,
cinchona bark (17th century) for fevers.
The history of chemotherapy may be divided into 3 phases
continued……

Ehrlich's phase of dyes and organometallic compounds (1890-1935)


- With the discovery of microbes in the later half of 19th century
and that they are the cause of many diseases:
Ehrlich proposed the idea that if certain dyes could selectively stain
microbes, they could also be selectively toxic to these organisms,
and tried methylene blue, trypan red etc.
•He developed the arsenicals – atoxyl for sleeping sickness,
arsphenamine in 1906 and neoarsphenamine in 1909 for syphilis. He
coined the term chemotheraphy because he used drugs of known
chemical structure (that of most other drugs in use at that time was
not known) and showed that selective attenuation of infecting
parasite was a practical proposition.

•The Modern era of chemotherapy was ushered by Domagk in


1935 by demonstrating the therapeutic effect of Prontosil, a
sulfonamide dye, in pyogenic infection.

•It was soon realized that the active moiety was paraamino
benzene sulfonamide, and the dye part was not essential.
Sulfapyridine (M & B 693) was the first sulfonamide to be
marketed in 1938.
•The remarkable efficacy of modern antimicrobial drugs still
retains the art of making miracles and considered to be 'Magic
bullets'.

•The phenomenon of antibiosis-first defined by Vuillemin


(1889)

• Fleming (1929) found that a diffusible substance was


elaborated by Penicillium mould which could destroy
Staphylococcus on the culture plate. He named this substance
penicillin but could not purify it.

•Chain and Florey followed up this observation in 1939 which


culminated in the clinical use of penicillin in 1941. Because of
the great potential of this discovery in treating war wounds,
commercial manufacture of penicillin soon started.
•In the 1940s Waksman and his colleagues undertook a
systematic search of Actinomycetes as source of antibiotics and
discovered streptomycin in 1944.

•This group of soil microbes proved to be a treasure-house of


antibiotics and soon tetracyclines, chloramphenicol,
erythromycin and many others followed.

•All three group of scientists Domagk, Fleming-Chain-Florey


and Waksman received Nobel Prize for their discoveries.

•In the past 40 years emphasis has shifted from searching new
antibiotic producing organisms to developing semisynthetic
derivatives of older antibiotics with more desirable properties or
differing spectrum of activity. Few novel synthetic AMAs have
also been produced.
•1929 Penicillin discovered in England
•1932 Sulphonamide (Prontosil) discovered in Germany
•1937 1st sulphonamide released
•1938 Serious infections respond to sulphonamides.
•1939 Gramicidin discovered in U.S.
•1940 Florey demonstrated penicillin’s effectiveness.
•1942 Penicillin introduced in Eng. & U.S.
•1943 Streptomycin discovered in U.S.
•1943 Bacitracin discovered in U.S.
•1945 Cephalosporin discovered in Italy
•1947 Chloramphenicol discovered in U.S.
•1947 Chlortetracycline discovered in U.S.
•1949 Neomycin discovered in U.S.
•1950 Oxytetracycline discovered in U.S.
•1952 Erythromycin discovered in U.S.
•1954 Penicillin-resistant infections become clinically significant.
•1956 Vancomycin discovered in U.S.
•1957 Kanamycin discovered in Japan
•1960 Methicillin introduced in Eng. & U.S.
•1961 Ampicillin introduced in Eng.
•1961 Spectinomycin reported in U.S.
•1963 Gentamicin discovered in U.S.
•1964 Cephalosporins introduced in Eng.
•1966 Doxycycline introduced in U.S.
•1967 Clindamycin reported in U.S.
•1968 Gentamicin-resistant pseudomonas and methicillin-resistant
staphylococcal infections become clinically significant.
•1969 Amikacin discivered
•1970 In Early 70s, increasing trend of nosocomial infections due to
opportunistic pathogens.
•1971 Tobramycin discovered in U.S.
•1972 Cephamycins (cefoxitin) discovered in U.S.
•1972 Minocycline introduced in U.S.
•1973 Carbenicillin introduced
•1974 Ampi cillin-resistant infections become frequent.
•1978 Expanded spectrum cephalosporin Cefoxitin introduced.
•1979 Oral cephalosporin with improved activity, Cefaclor introduced
•1981 Anti-pseudomonal cephalosporin Cefotaxime introduced.
•1981 First oxa-β-inhibitor, Moxalactam introduced.
•1983 Clavulanic acid-amoxycillin introduced.
•1985 Norfloxacin introduced.
•1987 Newer quinolones introduced for systemic use.
Definitions of various terms in Chemotherapy:
Antimicrobial agents: Any substance of natural, semisynthetic or
synthetic origin that are used to kill or prevent further growth of
microorganisms but causes little or no damage to the host
Antibiotics: low molecular weight substances produced by mo that at
low concentration inhibit/kill other microorganisms
antibacterials are used to kill or prevent further growth bacteria,

antivirals are used to treat viral infections,

antifungal are used to kill or prevent further growth of fungi.

Antiprotozoal

Anthelmentics

Anticancer drugs

Ectoparasiticides
Antibiotics and antibacterials are used as synonyms against chemical
agents used for getting rid (kill or inhibit) of bacteria.
Whereas, antimicrobial is very broad term which I prefer to use. 

To be specific:

1. Antibiotic:  An antibiotic is an agent that either kills or inhibits the


growth of a microorganism

2. Antibacterial: Anything that destroys bacteria or suppresses their


growth or their ability to reproduce. 
Antibiotic vs Antimicrobial:
 
Antimicrobials are agents that act across a wide range of
organisms including bacteria, viruses, fungal, protozoa, and
helminthes.

Antibiotics belong to a sub category of that large group and


include substances that have the ability to kill and stop the
growth of bacteria.
E. Type of action

a. Bacteriostatic: Sulfanamides, Tetracyclines etc


b. Bacteriocidal: Penicillin, Aminoglycosides etc

Sulfa drugs, Nitrofurantoin etc

F. Based on the source of drugs

c. Fungi: Penicillin, Cephalosporins etc


d. Bacteria: Polymixin B, Bacitracin
e. Actinomycetes: Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, polyenes etc
Antimicrobial
As mentioned above, the antimicrobials act against a variety of organisms.
Some of the antimicrobials act across several organisms such as
metranidazol, which inhibits obligate anaerobic bacteria, as well as some
protozoa. To be an ideal antimicrobial drug, it should interfere with the vital
functions of pathogens, without affecting the host cell.

According to the organism on which they act they are broadly classified as
antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anti protozoa. They act together with
the natural defenses of the body and act on different sites in the target
organism such as cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, protein synthesis and
nucleic acid metabolism.
Antibiotic
Antibiotic are substances that kill and stop the growth of micro organisms. They
act by Interfering with the cell wall synthesis; inhibiting protein synthesis, and by
interfering with the nucleic acid metabolism.

They are broadly classified as bacteriostatic, which acts primarily by inhibiting


bacterial multiplication, and bactericidal, which acts primarily by killing the
bacteria. But this is being used less frequently in the current clinical practice since
most bacteriostatic drugs were shown to be bactericidal at high concentrations.
Before starting the antibiotic therapy, it should be based on the likely
organisms involved, prevalence of the resistance of the organism,
relevant pharmacology, and presence of allergy or host factors that may
modify pharmacology, the degree of the severity, urgency and the
availability of the culture and sensitivity results. To be an ideal antibiotic,
it should be cheaper, freely available with a good compliance of the
patient, available in oral forms, the least toxic, and have fewer side
effects.
Antibiotics are used to deal with systemic
infections, post-operative infections, and
during surgical procedures. In surgical practice,
antibiotics are generally not used in clean
surgeries, except in surgeries that are more
than 4 hours of duration, neurosurgeries,
cardiothoracic surgeries, implants, and in
immune compromised patients. For clean
contaminated, contaminated and dirty
surgeries, antibiotics are invariably used.
Best route of the administration of the
antibiotics are per oral while intravenous and
intramuscular routes are used in the case
where there are severe infections, septicemia
and in instances where the gastro intestinal
system is compromised so that the absorption
is poor. Adverse effects of the antibiotics vary
depending on the category they belong, and
they range from mild to severe anaphylactic
shock.

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