Introduction to Highway

Engineering

Prepared By:
Pierre Jay A. Saboco
 The Highway and Its Development
Contents:
• Scope of highway engineering
• Historical Development of Road Construction
• Early Laws that Regulates Roadway
• Highways in the Philippines
 Concept

At the end of this topic, you should be able to

understand the history of highway construction
and the development of highway engineering in
the Philippines.
 INTRODUCTION
Fields of Specialization
• Structural Engineering:
scope of practice includes the calculation of loads and stresses on structures , strength of foundations
and beams and determining whether or not a structure can function safely
• Construction Engineering and Management:
field of civil engineering that deals with the effective planning and implementation of construction
projects
• Transportation Engineering:
the design and maintenance of transportation facilities such as highways and streets, ports and
harbors, airfields, railroads and mass transit systems
• Water Resources Engineering:
the design of water treatment plants, pump systems and stations, distribution systems for drinking
and non-drinking water, pipelines for collecting waste water and analysis of the floodplain or storm
water drain systems to prevent and control water damage
• Geotechnical Engineering:
a specialized field of civil engineering that involves soil evaluation to determine the suitability of a
particular area for construction
 INTRODUCTION

•Transportation Engineering is dedicated to the improvement of transportation

vehicles and logistics. Transportation of people, goods and structures are all
targeted by this discipline. Engineering of transportation is divided by
managing the current systems and researching new technologies to improve
transport in industrialized countries.
•The sub-disciplines of Transportation Engineering cater for these differing
modes;
• Highway Engineering
• Traffic Engineering
• Railway Engineering
 INTRODUCTION

• Highway Engineering is a specialized field within the discipline of 

Transportation Engineering. Highways are a major feature of any
industrialized country and modern economies depend on them. Highway
Engineering considers all aspects related to the design of the roads
themselves, as well as how pedestrians are managed.
• Highway Engineers study the traffic volumes and patterns to determine the
best strategies to minimize traffic, prevent collisions and also limit damage to
the road structures caused by the passage of vehicles. Highway
Engineers also design highway systems with the aim of optimizing traffic
flow and safety for all vehicles that travel through them.
 INTRODUCTION

•Transportation contributes to the economic, industrial, social and cultural

development of any country.
• Transportationis important for the economic development of any region
since every commodity produced whether it is food, clothing, industrial
products or medicine needs transport at every stage from production to
distribution.
• Road Buildings is defined as the art and science of construction, rehabilitation
and maintenance of existing roadway facilities. It started as early as the
ancient civilization when man’s quest for advancement required roadway
facilities to transport people and goods. The national economic growth is
measured on the length and quality of their roads.
 INTRODUCTION

Different modes of transportation

The four major modes of transportation are

• Roadways or highways,
• Railways,
• Waterways,
• Airways
 Different modes of transportation

Airways
•Fastest among all other modes
•More comfortable
•Time saving
•Uneconomical
Waterways
••Itslowest among all other modes
needs minimum energy to haul unit load through unit distance.
•This can be possible between ports on the sea
•routes or along the river
•economical
 Different modes of transportation

Railways
• The transportation along the railways track could be advantageous by
railways between the stations both for the passengers and goods,
particularly for long distance.
•It depends upon the road transport i.e. road could serve as a feeder system
•Energy require to haul a unit load through unit distance by the railway is
only ¼ to 1/5 of that required by road
•Safety
 Different modes of transportation

Highways
•It gives the maximum service to one and all
•It gives maximum flexibility for travel with reference to route,
direction, time and speed of travel
•It provide door to door service
•Other modes are depend on it
•It requires small investment for the government
•Motor vehicles are cheaper than other carriers like rail locomotive
and wagons
•It saves the time for the short distance
•High degree of accident due to flexibility of movement
 Scope of the highway engineering
• Roads are generally constructed on small embankments, slightly above the
general ground level, in order to avoid the difficult drainage and maintenance
problems.
• Such roads are therefore termed as highway and the science and technology
dealing with roads are generally called highway engineering.
• Highway engineering deals with various phase like,

• Development,
• Planning,
• Alignment,
• Highway material, Traffic control,
• Highway geometric design and location,
• Pavement design,
• Construction and maintenance,
• Economic considerations,
• Financial and administration.
 Role/Impact of Transportation

• Economic Development

• Social Development

• Spatial Development

• Cultural Development

• Political Development
 Characteristics of Road Transport

• Roads are used by various types of road vehicles, like passenger cars, buses,
trucks, pedal cycle and animal drawn vehicle.

• It requires relatively small investment for the government.

• It offers a complete freedom to road user to transfer the vehicle from one lane to
another and from one road to another according to need and convenience.

• Speed and movement is directly related with the severity of accident.

• Road transport is the only means of transport that offers itself to the whole
community alike.
 Historical Development of Road Construction
• Traces of early roads have been found since the recorded history of the
man kind.
• The first and oldest mode of travel was foot path.
• Before invention of wheel, people used to move on foot, thus creating
foot paths.
• Men and material must have been transported either on backs of men
or animals.
• The historical road development can be divided in to the following
era :
 Early/ Basic roads
 Roman roads
 Modern roads
 Historical Development of Road Construction
Early/ Basic roads

The needs of road started from the invention of wheel in Samaria in 3000 BC.
Among the early road inventions in many parts of the world were :
• China Dynasty – ‘China Silk Route’ was the first road built around 2600 BC.
The road was used to transport silk and elephant tusks between China and India
• Parsian Empire – Big trade involving import and export such as silk, porcelain
and wood crafts between China and Europe.
• Britain – ‘Raft Road’ believed was built around 2500 BC
• India – Indus Valley where roads made of bricks with drainage system equipped
with pipe
• Mesopotamia and Egypt – Brick road and asphalt road was found in Babylon and
mountainous area of Mesopotamia. In Egypt, the road was built to transport block of
rock to construct pyramid
 Historical Development of Road Construction
Roman Road-(500 B.C.)

• Roman’s developed very elaborate system of roads mainly for the

purpose of military movement.
• They constructed in all about one lakh kilometers of road, extending in
whole of their empire.
• An Important road constructed by Romans in 312 B.C called Appian way
is still in existence in Rome.
Historical Development of Road Construction
Roman Road-(500 B.C.)

Appian way
 Historical Development of Road Construction
Roman Road-(500 B.C.)

The main characteristics of Roman roads were as follows:

• They weary very thick. Total thickness of the road varied from
about 0.7 m to as much as 1.2 m.
• They were straight, without any regard for gradient. Probable
reason for straightness may be their main use for army.
• Roads were not built on soft soil formations but on hard stratum
reached after excavation.
Historical Development of Road Construction
Roman Road Construction (Basic Cross-Section)
Historical Development of Road Construction
Roman Road Construction (Basic Cross-Section)
 Historical Development of Road Construction
Modern Road

• In eighteenth century, improved construction methods for roads

again began to develop. Mr. Pierre Tresaquet developed an
improved method of construction in 1764 in France. At the time when
Mr. Pierre Tresaquet was busy in developing his road construction
method, Mr. John Metcalf was engaged in his development in
England.
• Metcalf constructed about 290 Km road in northern region of England.
Since Metcalf was blind, his work was not recorded and thus got lost.
• Telford and Macadam were the pioneers in road development in
England. Telford believed in using heavy foundation stones over
the soil sub-grade, while Macadam advocated the use of compacted
crushed aggregate layer at the bottom. Macadam’s method of road
construction is still in used and is named after his name.
 Historical Development of Road Construction
Modern Road

• In eighteenth century, improved construction methods for roads

again began to develop. new methods of highway construction had been
pioneered by the work of two British engineers, Thomas Telford and
John Loudon McAdam, and by the French road engineer
Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet.

• Mr. Pierre Tresaquet developed an improved method of construction in

1764 in France.
• At the time when Mr. Pierre Tresaquet was busy in developing his road
construction method, Mr. John Metcalf was engaged in his development in
England.
 Historical Development of Road Construction
Modern Road
• Metcalf constructed about 290 Km road in northern region of England. Since
Metcalf was blind, his work was not recorded and thus got lost.
• Telford and Mac adam were the pioneers in road development in
England. Telford believed in using heavy foundation stones over the soil
sub-grade, while Macadam advocated the use of compacted crushed
aggregate layer at the bottom.
• Mac adam’s method of road construction is still in used and is named after
his name.
Historical Development of Road Construction
 Historical Development of Road Construction
Road Designers

Among the famous road designers in 18th Century were :

• Robert Philips
• Pierre Tresaguet
• John Metcalf
• Thomas Telford
• John Macadam
 Historical Development of Road Construction
Road Designers
• Robert Philips
• The frontier of road design.
• In 1736, he suggested that a layer of gravel placed on road base with
good drainage would be compacted by traffic and become hard surface
• Pierre Tresaguet (1716-1796) in France
• Famous French Engineer introduced new methods of construction and
maintenance of stone roads. He improved the crown, the drainage, and
the grade of the road, including the stone foundation by reducing the
depth of broken stones to 25 centimeters.
• Father of modern highway engineering
• Thickness of road can be only 30cm
• Cross slope of 1 in 45 on top wearing course for surface drainage.
• Shoulders also with cross slope to drain surface water to side drain
 Historical Development of Road Construction
Road Designers
• Metcalf method (1717-1810) in England 
• Followed recommendations of Robert Phillips 290Km of road in
northern region of England. His work is not recorded as he is blind
• But it is believed that he was following the procedure outlined by
Robert Philips in 1737.
• Robert Philips method consisted of laying gravel layer upon a well
drained and dried sub-grade. Gravel layer was used to be compacted
in due course of time, by the action of the traffic using road.
• Thomas Telford (1757 -1834)
• Scottish road engineer and Founder of institution of civil engineers
at London
• Provided cross slope from foundation itself by varying thickness of
foundation stories
• Provided cross drains at intervals of about 90m
 Historical Development of Road Construction
Road Designers
• He used big size stones in foundation wearing from 17 – 22 cm to
develop a firm base. He also provided cross drains under foundation
layer to keep the sub-grade in dry condition.
• Total thickness of road advocated by him was about 38 cm.
• No kerbs stones are used
• John Macadams (1756-1836)
• He, for the first time put forward entirely new concept of road
construction in 1827.
• He was a Scottish engineer and was surveyor general of roads in
England Realized not to provide strong foundation at subgrade as
wheel load of traffic gets dispersed and intensity decreases at lower
layers
• Surface course with stones passing 20mm sieve 
• Sub grade is compacted and cross slope of 1 in 36 is provided from
 Early Laws that Regulates Roadway
The early Saxon Laws imposes three mandatory duties for the people to
perform, namely:
1. To repair the roads and bridges
2. To repair the castles and the garrisons
3. To aid repel invasions

After the Norman Conquest of England, it was decreed that:

1. The king’s Highway is sacred. Anybody who occupies any
portion thereof, by exceeding the boundaries of his land, is
considered to have encroached on the king himself. Roads are for
public use. All persons who want to use them may do so.
 Early Laws that Regulates Roadway

2. Property owners adjoining the roads were required to drain the

road, clip any bordering hedges, and refrain from plowing and planting
trees, shrubs, or bushes closer than the specified distance from the
center of the road.

It was made clear that the government concept towards the use of roads
includes upholding the right of the public to use them without interference.
Since the road is intended for the benefit of the people, in return, it becomes
their duty to protect and maintain the roadway.
Highway in the Philippines
In the early part of 1900, transportations in this country depended
largely on trails, waterways, railroad, earth roads and partially graveled
roads. Highway in the Philippines at that time is nothing more than a dream
to most Filipinos. The American government initiated the development of
roadways in the Philippines, connecting towns, cities and provinces. The
popular Macadam road type was introduced. It gained wide acceptance
because of the abundant supply of stones and gravel.

After the Second World War, the new independent Philippine

government , continued the rehabilitation and construction of roads and
bridges, through the reparations and wars damages paid by the Japanese
government. Other financial grants and aids received from the U.S.
government were used in the construction and rehabilitation of roads and
bridges.
 Highway in the Philippines
Fifty years later, major highways and expressways were constructed
through the financial assistance and loans from foreign banks. Alongside
with the industrialization program of the government, vehicles of various
types and sizes started flooding the roadways. Recent Land Transportation
records revealed that, more than 80,000 brand new vehicles were added to
their lists every year. At an average of 5.00 meters road occupancy by these
vehicles, the DPWH must open 400 kilometers new roads every years. This
data did not include yet the roadway for second hand or surplus assembled
cars. With this statistical report solution to traffic problems is nowhere
insight. Traffic problems are expected to worsen year after year.
It was Maximo Paterno who was the first Minister of Ministry of Public
Works and Communications (1899), down to the first Secretary of the then
newly-constituted Department of Public Works and Highways, Rogaciano
Mercado in 1986 Since then, it has developed and replicated modern
engineering technologies that ensures safety standards in infrastructure
buildings.
 Highway in the Philippines
DPWH is responsible for the planning, design, construction and maintenance of
vital infrastructures such as roads, bridges, flood control systems, water resource
development projects and other public works geared towards the attainment of
sustainable growth and development.
The development of the highway network in the Philippines is one of the major
national programs being implemented by the government in order to support the
overall socioeconomic development of the country.
The main societal goal of the DPWH is to contribute to the sustainable economic
growth and poverty reduction and improve the country’s global competitiveness
through the construction and maintenance of the country’s national roads, bridges
and public works to provide access to major airports, seaports/RORO ports, markets,
production areas, strategic tourist destinations and economic centers throughout the
country.
Highway in the Philippines
Road Classification
The classes of roads included National Roads, Provincial Roads, Municipal and
City Roads, Barangay Roads, and Expressways. The table provides the criteria for
each of these classes of road.
New Classification System
Highway in the Philippines
Highway Design Process

Source: Flexibility
in Highway
Design, FHWA
Highway Design Process

PLANNING

Establish project need

PUBLIC
INVOLVEMENT

Define project criteria and goals

Highway Design Process

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

• Preliminary Design
• Refine project need
• Develop a variety of design concepts
• Compare design concepts and their impacts
• Mitigation of impacts
• Continuous public involvement
• Web site
• Newsletters
• Meetings
Highway Design Process

FINAL DESIGN

• Horizontal alignment
• Vertical alignment
• Cross-sections
• Drainage
• Detailed geometry (intersections)
• Traffic control and staging
• Traffic control devices
• Right-of-way
The Planner
Before any project comes to reality, it has to undergo rigorous and careful
studies with participation of several line agencies involved. Where proposals
may be opposed or questioned by other agencies, or in the political mill, the
planner appoints coordinators or catalysts, to work out in exchanging
information as to the needs, goals and alternative solutions of those who are
affected, and to incorporate them into the planning and decision making.
Where planners act as coordinators, catalysts or to work as community
advocates, should not be either partisan or advocate to a particular solution.
Their role is:
1. To provide technical and organizational support.
2. To receive input or information on the needs and goals of affected
persons group or agencies.
3. Incorporate the above for planning and making decision
The Planner

The Functions of the Planners are:

1. To prepare preliminary design, scoop of study and the initial
work program. Know the basic needs, plan and objectives of
affected persons.
2. Exploration of alternatives. Data gathering by contacting the
representatives of other agencies involved.
3. Detailed analysis. Prepare detailed plan for appropriate
community interaction.
4. Secure formal ratification from the local officials and have
the results documented. If nothing goes wrong, this step is
considered final.
Community Involvement
In a democratic government, the public has the right to hear and be heard.
Much more to participate in public hearing where planning and decision
making will be conducted before major decisions are made. Public hearing
should involved the public from the start of planning to give them a chance to
participate in the discussions and involved them in:
1. Solicit the cooperation and support of public officials, non-government
organizations, influential persons and conservative group of the community.
2. Create special staff to carry out this function.
3. Community leadership opportunity to participate continuously in the
planning stage.
4. Organize and develop skilled persons to conduct group meeting,
workshops, hearing and other related activities.
Road Planning Process
Why Highways Are Improved and Constructed
Improving an existing highway is preferred to the constructing a new one.
Highways are improved to meet general traffic needs, to eliminate or reduce
negative impacts caused by traffic or when changes in land use so require. A
new highway shall be constructed when the existing highway network no
longer meets the requirements of traffic or land use, and these requirements
cannot be satisfactorily met or eliminated through road improvements or other
transport system developments, or the negative impacts caused by traffic cannot
be reduced enough.
Road Planning Process
Reasons to improve existing highways and construct new ones include
the following:
• Increased mobility/travel due to residential, work place and service
developments.
• Requirements better serve the transport needs of industrial and commercial
activities.
• Increasing mobility during working hours and free time and growth of the car
fleet.
• Need to make highways safer and reduce negative impacts on the
environment caused by traffic.
• Aim to improve pedestrian and bicycle traffic conditions, and the use of
public transport.
• Aim to improve traffic mobility.
Road Planning Process
Road Planning Process
Phases of Road Planning
The planning process has four stages: feasibility study, preliminary
engineering planning, final engineering planning and construction planning.
In minor road projects with limited impacts, planning and decision-making
stages can be combined.
1. at the feasibility study phase, the necessity and timing of road projects
are studied at the same approximate planning level as the regional land use plan
and the local master plan.
2. Preliminary engineering planning corresponds to land use planning on
the level of a local master plan or a local detailed plan. A preliminary
engineering plan determines the approximate location and space requirement of
the road and its relation to the surrounding environment.
3. Final engineering planning is planning at the same level of detail as
local land use plans.
4. Construction planning is related to the implementation of a road
project and is performed before and during construction.
Feasibility Study
The starting points of a feasibility study are existing land use and current road
and traffic conditions. Societal development causes changes in travel needs and
traffic conditions. These changes are examined during the feasibility study
phase and the actions required to meet the goals set for the development of
traffic conditions are planned.
The outcome of the feasibility study is a project or several projects for which
preliminary examinations have been conducted of possible alternative actions,
including the related impacts and costs. During the feasibility study, the need
for interaction varies according to the nature of the project. Participation by
municipalities and regional councils are usually emphasized during co-
operation. The decision to begin planning can be made based on the feasibility
study. Such a decision consists of the road authority’s statements concerning
the necessity, timing and further planning of development actions. Actions
deemed necessary proceed for further development and implementation. The
related timetables are determined according to the funding available.
Preliminary Engineering Plan
Preliminary engineering planning determines the approximate location of
the road, the road’s connections to the existing and future road network and
land use, basic technical and traffic solutions and the principles underlying the
prevention of negative impacts to the environment. Planning is performed at a
level of detail which ensures that the plan is technically, financially and
environmentally feasible. When legislation requires an environmental impact
assessment (EIA), the road project’s environmental impact is assessed
according to the Act on Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure during
the preliminary engineering planning phase.
The approval decision is made on the preliminary engineering plan.
Because the location and quality of the highway and the highway’s impacts on
people’s living conditions and the environment are determined in the
preliminary engineering plan, this phase has the most important effect on the
road project.
Final Engineering Plan
Final engineering planning determines the precise location of the highway,
areas required for the highway, intersections of highways and private roads and
solutions for other road connections, solutions for pedestrian and bicycle traffic
and public transport, and other detailed solutions such as measures necessary to
the prevention of negative traffic impacts. Because the final engineering plan
settles all issues directly affecting land owners and other parties concerned,
interaction is focused on issues to be agreed with them.
The approval decision is made on the final engineering plan, allowing the
road authority the right to take possession of the area required for the highway.
It is sometimes necessary to make a revision plan to an approved final
engineering plan. This process is similar to the original plan, unless the impact
of the change is so minor that agreement with real-estate owners is sufficient.
Once financing has been ensured, highway construction can be started.
Right of Way, Construction, and Maintenance
Once the final designs have been prepared and needed right of way is
purchased, construction bid packages are made available, a contractor is
selected, and construction is initiated. During the right of way acquisition and
construction stages, minor adjustments in the design may be necessary;
therefore, there should be continuous involvement of the design team
throughout these stages. Construction may be simple or complex and may
require a few months to several years. Once construction has been completed,
the facility is ready to begin its normal sequence of operations and
maintenance.
Right of Way, Construction, and Maintenance
Even after the completion of construction, the character of a road can be
changed by inappropriate maintenance actions. For example, the replacement
of sections of guardrail damaged or destroyed in crashes commonly utilizes
whatever spare guardrail sections may be available to the local highway
maintenance personnel at the time. The maintenance personnel may not be
aware of the use of a special guardrail design to define the "character" of the
highway. When special design treatments are used, ongoing operation and
maintenance procedures acknowledging these unusual needs should be
developed
Location of the Proposed Highway
Early roads started from trails. Movement of people and the use of motor
vehicles prompted road agencies to improve road alignment minimizing sharp
curves. Road width was standardized and grades were flattened.
New highway location are blended with curvature grades and other
roadway elements to offer; comfortable easy driving, free flowing traffic
arteries, comply with the rules on safety standards.
To improve the highways, there should be tentative plan as to control and
minimum design speed, roadway cross-section and maximum slope with the
following considerations:
1. Reliable cost estimate
2. Character and hourly distribution of traffic
3. Economic and community benefit factor
4. Availability of funds
Location of the Proposed Highway
Location surveys in the rural areas are divided into 4 stages.
1. Reconnaissance survey of the entire area between the terminal points.
2. Reconnaissance survey of all feasible routes
3. Preliminary survey of the best route
4. Location survey, staking of the right of way, the highway and the
structure for construction.
Location of Bridges
Highways and bridges have but one purpose- To convey traffic. The
location and position of a bridge is subordinate to the general alignment and
grade. But sometimes, favorable alignment has to be sacrificed, only to provide
a right angle crossing to small creek.
When the location of the bridge is approximately determined, the following
requirements must be considered:
1. A complete data report and special survey of the site.
2. Prepare sketches and full scale map and profiles.
3. The survey report must contain accurate data of the waterway for all
behavior of water.
4. There must be a complete report on the foundation condition and the stream
characteristics.
5. A complete data of the adjacent structures particularly the waterway
opening.
6. If possible, skewed bridge should be avoided.
Highway Plans
Plans andand Specificationsare set of documents of instructions and conditions
specifications
under which highways and bridges are built. The plan contains engineering
drawings of the project, whereas, the specifications is written instructions and
conditions considered as integral part of the contract between the contractor
and highway agency classified as legal documents.
The complete detailed scheme for the road which are incorporated in the
geometric design are:
1. Traffic
2. Drainage
3. Erosion control
4. Roadside development
5. Structure
6. Soils
7. Pavement
Highway Plans and
Presentation of Specifications
a Road Plan
1. The upper sheet is allocated for the plan, top view showing the horizontal
alignment, right of way takings, drainage arrangement and other features.
2. The lower half is allocated to the profile where the original elevation of the
ground surface is plotted. The roadway centerline and the vertical alignment
or grade line for the road is indicated.
3. The vertical scale of the profile is usually exaggeratedly enlarged from five
to ten times for precise detail.
4. The profile and other details of the drainage, channels or connecting roads
including ramps are also presented.
5. The estimated earthwork quantities for every 50 meters station or other
intervals are indicated along the bottom of each sheet along with the
estimated overhead. This will serve the engineer and the contractor.
6. The roadway cross-sections for every situation in the whole project stretch
is indicated on another sheet of the plan.
Highway Planssheet
7. Another and Specifications
of drawing showing all structures and roadway appurtenances
is included.
8. The standard size of the drawing sheet is 55 cm x 90 cm.
Partial list of subjects covered by the standard drawing:
1. Pipe culverts.
2. Concrete box culverts.
3. Guard rail and parapet.
4. Curbs
5. Gutters
6. Curb structures.
7. Sidewalks.
8. Drainage inlet and outlet structures of numerous types.
9. Manholes
10. Rip-rap and other devices used for bank protection.
11. Fences and right of way.
12. Other survey markers
Highway Plans and Specifications
The Specifications
Specifications writing is generally different and a delicate work requiring
knowledge of the law of contracts as well as highway practices and
experiences. Specification that are carelessly written and loosely worded may
result may result in the use of sub-standard materials and poor workmanship.
Mostly, it involves extra cost to the owner or the contractor and sometimes
landed in court litigations. On the other hand, specifications that are too
restrictive are very costly.
Highway Specifications is Divided into Two:
1. Standard Specifications applies to project implemented by administration
which treat the subject that repeatedly occurs in the agency work.
2. Special Provisions covers peculiar item of the project in question that
include additional modification to standard specifications. This includes
copies of all documents required in securing competitive bids and contracts.
Specifications are also subdivided into two:
Highway
a.) The Plans andclause
general Specifications
that deals with the bidding procedures and award
execution and control of work and other legal matters.
b.) Specifying detail regarding the materials, manner of work execution and
how pay quantities are to be measured.
References
1. Elements of Roads and Highways, Second Edition by Max B. Fajardo Jr.
2. Highway Design, PowerPoint Presentation by Thomas B. Stout Ph.D., P.E.
3. Highway Engineering, PowerPoint Presentation by SITI ZURAIFA BINTI
MD SAH
4. Highway Development and Planning, PowerPoint Presentation by College of
Engineering and Technology (CET), Bhubaneswar
5. Internet