Introduction

to the Internet
and Web
Learning Outcome

Students will have an

understanding of what the Internet
is, its purpose and function
for users.
Internet
 Itis the largest network in the world that
connects hundreds of thousands of individual
networks all over the world.
 The popular term for the Internet is the
“information highway”.
 Rather than moving through geographical
space, it moves your ideas and information
through cyberspace – the space of electronic
movement of ideas and information.
Internet
 No one owns it
 It has no formal management organization.
 As it was originally developed by the Department
of defense, this lack of centralization made it less
vulnerable to wartime or terrorist attacks.
 To access the Internet, an existing network need to
pay a small registration fee and agree to certain
standards based on the TCP/IP (Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) .
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP)

 Itis the standard protocol wherein computers are

able to communicate with one another.
 The term TCP specifies protocols on how data is
broken down before transmission while IP takes
care of moving information to desired destination.
The uses of the Internet
 Send e-mail messages.
 Send (upload) or receive (down load) files
between computers.
 Participate in discussion groups, such as
mailing lists and newsgroups.
 Surfing the web.
Basic Internet Services
Service Description
Compared to ordinary snail mail, email is faster and
eMail more timely, reaching its destination within an hour at
the most.
Mailing Lists, Provides a means for users to electronically correspond
Discussion as a “group” and are usually associated with a special
group interest.
Remote Provides Internet users with the ability to search for
Logins specific information
Search Provides internet users with the ability to search for
engines specific information.
World Wide Provides a means fro users to access multimedia
Web information using threaded access called hypertext.
 What is Web?
 The Web (World Wide Web) consists of information
organized into Web pages containing text and graphic
images.
 It contains hypertext links, or highlighted keywords
and images that lead to related information.
 A collection of linked Web pages that has a common
theme or focus is called a Web site.
 The main page that all of the pages on a particular
Web site are organized around and link back to is
called the site’s home page.
How to access the Internet?
 Many schools and businesses have direct access to
the Internet using special high-speed
communication lines and equipment.
 Students and employees can access through the
organization’s local area networks (LAN) or
through their own personal computers.
 Another way to access the Internet is through
Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
 ISP isa company that provides internet connection
services to the general public.
Local Area Network (LAN)
 A collection of inter-connected communication and
computer equipment and resources that enable sharing and
distribution of information in an office building or campus.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Two or more interconnected LANs constitute a bigger
network. A geographically dispersed LAN.
How to access the Internet?
 To access the Internet, an existing network need to
pay a small registration fee and agree to certain
standards based on the TCP/IP reference model.
 Each organization pays for its own networks and
its own telephone bills, but those costs usually
exist independent of the internet.
 The regional Internet companies route and forward
all traffic, and the cost is still only that of a local
telephone call.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
A commercial organization with permanent
connection to the Internet that sells
temporary connections to subscribers.
Examples:

Prodigy, America Online, Microsoft

network, AT&T Networks.
 How to access the Web?
 Onceyou have your Internet connection, then you need special
software called a browser to access the Web.
 Webbrowsers are used to connect you to remote computers,
open and transfer files, display text and images.
 Web browsers are specialized programs.
 Examples of Web browser: Netscape Navigator (Navigator)
and Internet Explorer.
Client/Server Structure of the Web
 Web is a collection of files that reside on computers,
called Web servers, that are located all over the world
and are connected to each other through the Internet.
 When you use your Internet connection to become
part of the Web, your computer becomes a Web client
in a worldwide client/server network.
 A Web browser is the software that you run on your
computer to make it work as a web client.
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
 The
public files on the web servers are ordinary text files,
much like the files used by word-processing software.
 Toallow Web browser software to read them, the text must
be formatted according to a generally accepted standard.
 Thestandard used on the web is Hypertext markup
language (HTML).
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
 HTML uses codes, or tags, to tell the Web browser
software how to display the text contained in the
document.
 For example, a Web browser reading the following line of
text:
<B> A Review of the Book<I>Wind Instruments of the
18th Century</I></B>
 recognizes the <B> and </B> tags as instructions to
display the entire line of text in bold and the <I> and </I>
tags as instructions to display the text enclosed by those
tags in italics.
Addresses on the Web : IP Addressing
 Each computer on the internet does have a unique
identification number, called an IP (Internet Protocol)
address.
 TheIP addressing system currently in use on the Internet
uses a four-part number.
 Eachpart of the address is a number ranging from 0 to 255,
and each part is separated from the previous part by period,
 For example, 106.29.242.17
 IP Addressing
 The combination of the four IP address parts provides 4.2
billion possible addresses (256 x 256 x 256 x 256).
 This number seemed adequate until 1998.
 Members of various Internet task forces are working to
develop an alternate addressing system that will accommodate
the projected growth.
 However, all of their working solutions require extensive
hardware and software changes throughout the Internet.
 Domain Name Addressing
 Most web browsers do not use the IP address to locate Web
sites and individual pages.
 They use domain name addressing.
 A domain name is a unique name associated with a specific IP
address by a program that runs on an Internet host computer.
 This
program, which coordinates the IP addresses and domain
names for all computers attached to it, is called DNS (Domain
Name System ) software.
 The
host computer that runs this software is called a domain
name server.
Domain Name Addressing
 Domain names can include any number of parts separated by
periods, however most domain names currently in use have
only three or four parts.
 Domain names follow hierarchical model that you can follow
from top to bottom if you read the name from the right to the
left.
 For example, the domain name dcst.vsu.edu.ph is the
computer connected to the Internet at the department, which is
an academic unit of the Visayas State University (vsu), which
is an educational institution (edu) of the Philippines (ph)
 No other computer on the Internet has the same domain name.
Uniform Resource Locators
 The IP address and the domain name each identify a particular computer
on the Internet.
 However, they do not indicate where a Web page’s HTML document
resides on that computer.
 To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers rely on Uniform
Resource Locator (URL).
 URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the Web browser:
1. What transfer protocol to use for transporting the file
2. The domain name of the computer on which the file resides
3. The pathname of the folder or directory on the computer on which the file
resides
4. The name of the file
Structure of a Uniform Resource Locators

protocol pathname

http://www.chicagosymphony.org/civicconcerts/index.htm

Domain name filename

http => Hypertext Transfer Protocol

 HTTP
 Thetransfer protocol is the set of rules that the
computers use to move files from one computer to
another on the Internet.
 The most common transfer protocol used on the
Internet is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP).
 Two other protocols that you can use on the
Internet are the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and
the Telnet Protocol
How to find information on the Web?
 A number of search tools have been developed and
available to you on certain Web sites that provide
search services to help you find information.
 Examples:
 Yahoo  www.yahoo.com
 Google  www.google.com
 Lycos  www.lycos.com
 AltaVista  www/alta-vista.com
 MSN WebSearch  www.search.msn.com
How to find information on the Web?
 You can find information by two basic means.
 Search by Topic and Search by keywords.
 Some search services offer both methods, others only
one.
 Yahoo offers both.
 Search by Topic
You can navigate through topic lists
 Search by keywords
You can navigate by entering a keyword or phase into a
search text box.