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Lecture 12 - Stoichiometry, Moles and Yield

1) Stoichiometry uses mole ratios determined from chemical equations and molar masses to calculate amounts of substances in chemical reactions. 2) Moles are used to quantify amounts of reactants and products, where 1 mole equals Avogadro's number of particles. Molar mass allows conversion between mass and moles. 3) Examples demonstrate using moles and molar mass to calculate amounts, limiting reagents, theoretical and percent yields for reactions.

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65 views18 pages

Lecture 12 - Stoichiometry, Moles and Yield

1) Stoichiometry uses mole ratios determined from chemical equations and molar masses to calculate amounts of substances in chemical reactions. 2) Moles are used to quantify amounts of reactants and products, where 1 mole equals Avogadro's number of particles. Molar mass allows conversion between mass and moles. 3) Examples demonstrate using moles and molar mass to calculate amounts, limiting reagents, theoretical and percent yields for reactions.

Uploaded by

Ewart
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chemical Accountancy

Stoichiometry, Moles and Yield

1
Stoichiometry
• Consider the equation:

• How much ethylene and how much hydrogen chloride


should you use for your experiment?
2
Molecular Mass
• According to the coefficients of the balanced equation, a 1:
1 ratio of the two reactants is needed.
• But because you can’t realistically count the reactant molecules,
you have to weigh them.

• Mass ratios are determined by using the molecular masses


(also called molecular weights) of the substances involved in
a reaction.

• The molecular mass is the:


Sum of atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule.

3
4
Moles
• When referring to the enormous numbers of atoms that make up the
visible amounts dealt with, the fundamental SI unit for amount called a
mole (mol) is used.

• A mole is the amount of a substance that contains the


same number of elementary entities as there are atoms in
exactly 12 g of pure carbon-12.

• The number of elementary entities (atoms, molecules, and


so on) in a mole is the Avogadro constant, NA.

NA = 6.02214179 x 1023 mol-1


5
Molar Mass
• One mole of any element is the
amount whose mass in grams
(molar mass), is numerically
equal to its atomic mass.
• One mole of carbon atoms has a
mass of 12.011 g, one mole of
silver atoms has a mass of
107.868 g, etc.

• Molar mass thus acts as a conversion


factor that lets you convert between
mass in grams and number of atoms.

6
Moles and Molecular & Molar Mass
• Let’s go back to our equation:

Molecular Mass Molar Mass 1 mol contains:


C2H4 28.0 amu 28 g/mol 6.022 × 1023C2H4 molecules
HCl 36.5 amu 36.5 g/mol 6.022 × 1023 HCl molecules
C2H5Cl 64.5 amu 64.5 g/mol 6.022 × 1023 C2H5Cl molecules

7
It means…
• 1 mol of C2H4 reacts with 1 mol of HCl to produce 1
mol of C2H5Cl
or
• 28 g of C2H4 reacts with 36.5 g of HCl to produce
64.5 g of C2H5Cl

1 1 1

In any balanced chemical equation, the coefficients tell the number of


moles of each substance in the reaction.
8
• In the balanced equation for the industrial synthesis
of ammonia:

• What is this in terms of the mass of the gases?


• 28g N2 + 6 g H2 will yield 34 g NH3

9
Converting Moles to Mass
• How many grams of NaHCO3 are there in 0.0626
mol of the compound, the main ingredient in Alka-
Seltzer tablets?

Molar mass of NaHCO3 = ?


Mass of NaHCO3 = ?

  𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑁 . 𝐵 . : ¿ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

10
Converting Mass to Moles
• How many moles of sucrose (C12H22O11) are in a
tablespoon of sugar containing 2.85 g?

Molar Mass of C12H22O11 = ?


Moles of C12H22O11 = ?

11
Predicting Yield
• Aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), best
known as household bleach, are prepared by reaction of
sodium hydroxide with chlorine. How many grams of NaOH
are needed to react with 25.0 g of Cl2?

2 NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g)  NaOCl(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

• What mass of NaOCl would be produced from the reaction


above?

12
2 NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g)  NaOCl(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
 Mass of Cl = 25.0 g
2

• Find # moles of Cl2:


=
=
= 0.353 mol Cl2

• Find moles of NaOH:


From the equation, 2 mol of NaOH react
with 1 mol of Cl2

Mol of NaOH = 2 × 0.353 mol


= 0.706 mol

13
• Find grams of NaOH:
= 0.706 mol × 40.0 g/mol
= 28.2 g NaOH

• 28.2 g of NaOH will react with


25.0 g of Cl2

14
Predicting Yield
• What mass of NaOCl would be produced from the
previous reaction conditions?
2 NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g)  NaOCl(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

• 1 mol of Cl2 will yield 1 mol of NaOCl (0.353 mol Cl2


will yield __ mol of NaOCl)
molar mass of NaOCl = 74.45 g/mol
mass of NaOCl = 74.45 g/mol × 0.353 mol
= 26.3 g
15
Predicting Yield
• 26.3 g would be the theoretical yield of the reaction.
• Most often the theoretical yield is not the actual yield of
reactions.

• If 20.0 g of NaOCl was actually formed, what is the % yield?

16
Limiting Reagent
• The extent to which a chemical reaction takes place
depends on the reactant that is present in limiting amount
—the limiting. reactant.
• The other reactant is said to be the excess reactant
• What is the limiting reactant below? How many complete
cars are possible?

17
Limiting Reagent
• If 15.0 g of NaOH and 20.0 g of Cl2 is used to
produce NaOCl, how many grams of NaOCl could
theoretically be produced?
2 NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g)  NaOCl(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

18

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