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Lecture 06

The document discusses relational operators and if/else conditional statements in C++. Relational operators (> < >= <= == !=) are used to compare values and evaluate to true or false. Relational expressions using these operators can be assigned to variables and used to control program flow. The if statement allows code to be conditionally executed depending on whether an expression evaluates to true or false. Additional statements can be grouped in blocks using curly braces. The if/else statement provides two paths - one for when the expression is true and one for when it is false. Nested if statements allow testing multiple conditions. The if/else if statement provides a chain of conditions to test until one is found to be true.

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Hani Tamimi
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12 views

Lecture 06

The document discusses relational operators and if/else conditional statements in C++. Relational operators (> < >= <= == !=) are used to compare values and evaluate to true or false. Relational expressions using these operators can be assigned to variables and used to control program flow. The if statement allows code to be conditionally executed depending on whether an expression evaluates to true or false. Additional statements can be grouped in blocks using curly braces. The if/else statement provides two paths - one for when the expression is true and one for when it is false. Nested if statements allow testing multiple conditions. The if/else if statement provides a chain of conditions to test until one is found to be true.

Uploaded by

Hani Tamimi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

Making Decisions

Relational Operators
Relational Operators
• Used to compare numbers to determine
relative order
• Operators:
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
Relational Expressions
• Boolean expressions – true or false
• Examples:
12 > 5 is true
7 <= 5 is false

if x is 10, then
x == 10 is true,
x != 8 is true, and
x == 8 is false
Relational Expressions
• Can be assigned to a variable:
result = x <= y;
• Assigns 0 for false, 1 for true
• Do not confuse = and ==
The if Statement
The if Statement
• Allows statements to be conditionally
executed or skipped over
• Models the way we mentally evaluate
situations:
– "If it is raining, take an umbrella."
– "If it is cold outside, wear a coat."
Flowchart for Evaluating a Decision
Flowchart for Evaluating a Decision
The if Statement
• General Format:

if (expression)
statement;
The if Statement-What Happens
To evaluate:
if (expression)
statement;
• If the expression is true, then
statement is executed.
• If the expression is false, then
statement is skipped.
if Statement in Program 4-2

Continued…
if Statement in Program 4-2
Flowchart for Program 4-2 Lines 21
and 22
if Statement Notes
• Do not place ; after (expression)
• Place statement; on a separate line
after (expression), indented:
if (score > 90)
grade = 'A';
• Be careful testing floats and doubles
for equality
• 0 is false; any other value is true
Expanding the if Statement
Expanding the if Statement
• To execute more than one statement as part of
an if statement, enclose them in { }:
if (score > 90)
{
grade = 'A';
cout << "Good Job!\n";
}
• { } creates a block of code
The if/else Statement
The if/else statement
• Provides two possible paths of execution
• Performs one statement or block if the
expression is true, otherwise performs
another statement or block.
The if/else statement
• General Format:
if (expression)
statement1; // or block
else
statement2; // or block
if/else-What Happens
To evaluate:
if (expression)
statement1;
else
statement2;

• If the expression is true, then statement1 is


executed and statement2 is skipped.
• If the expression is false, then statement1 is
skipped and statement2 is executed.
The if/else statement and
Modulus Operator in Program 4-8
Flowchart for Program 4-8 Lines 14
through 18
Testing the Divisor in Program 4-9

Continued…
Testing the Divisor in Program 4-9
Nested if Statements
Nested if Statements
• An if statement that is nested inside
another if statement
• Nested if statements can be used to test
more than one condition
Flowchart for a Nested if
Statement
Nested if Statements
• From Program 4-10
Nested if Statements
• Another example, from Program 4-1
Use Proper Indentation!
The if/else if Statement
The if/else if Statement
• Tests a series of conditions until one is
found to be true
• Often simpler than using nested if/else
statements
• Can be used to model thought processes
such as:
"If it is raining, take an umbrella,
else, if it is windy, take a hat,
else, take sunglasses”
if/else if Format
if (expression)
statement1; // or block
else if (expression)
statement2; // or block
.
. // other else ifs
.
else if (expression)
statementn; // or block
The if/else if Statement in
Program 4-13
Using a Trailing else to Catch
Errors in Program 4-14
• The trailing else clause is optional, but it
is best used to catch errors.

This trailing
else
catches
invalid test
scores

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