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Work - Energy - and Power

Work, energy, and power are defined by equations and calculations. Work is the product of force and displacement and is measured in joules. Energy can be kinetic from motion or potential from height or elastic sources. Power is the rate of doing work and is calculated by dividing work by time in seconds.

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Naimah Guro
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71 views

Work - Energy - and Power

Work, energy, and power are defined by equations and calculations. Work is the product of force and displacement and is measured in joules. Energy can be kinetic from motion or potential from height or elastic sources. Power is the rate of doing work and is calculated by dividing work by time in seconds.

Uploaded by

Naimah Guro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Work, Energy and Power!

The Calculations and


Equations
Energy and Work
• Energy is the ability to do work.

• Work is the energy transferred to


or from a system by a force that
acts on it.
Mechanical

• Mechanical energy is the energy which


is possessed by an object due to its motion
or its stored energy of position
• Kinetic energy : is the energy of motion
• Potential Energy : an object can store energy
as the result of its position or elastic source
Work

• In physics, work has a


very specific
meaning.
• In physics, work
represents a
measurable change in
a system, caused by a
force.
Work Concept

• Work is defined as a force acting upon an


object to cause a displacement
• Mathematically, work can be expressed by
the following equation.
• W= F x d cos  cos 00 = 1)
• where F = force, d = displacement, and the
angle (theta) is defined as the angle between
the force and the displacement vector
Work (force is parallel to distance)

Force (N)

Work (joules) W=Fxd


Distance (m)
Work (force at angle to distance)

Force (N)

Work (joules) W = Fd cos (q) Angle

Distance (m)
Work Calculations

W=F x d W=F x d cos 300 W= F x d


=100N X 5m = 100N X 5m X .87 =15Kg(10m/s2) X 5m
=500 N m = 413 N m = 750 N m
Gravitational Potential Energy

• After an object has been lifted to a


height, work is done.
• PE = W= F x d= mgh
Potential Energy is
maximum at the
maximum HEIGHT
Potential Energy Calculation

• How much potential energy is lost by a


5Kg object to kinetic energy due a
decrease in height of 4.5 m
• PE = mgh
• PE = (5Kg)(10 m/s2)(4.5 m)
• PE = 225 Kg m2/s2
• PE = 225 J
Kinetic Energy Calculation

• The energy of motion


 KE = W= F x d= mgh=1/2 mv2
• Find the kinetic energy of an 4 Kg object
moving at 5m/s.
• KE = 1/2 mv2
• KE = ½ (4Kg)(5m/s) 2
• KE = 50 Kg m 2 /s 2
• KE = 50 J
Elastic potential energy
Spring constant Calculation

A tired squirrel (mass of 1 kg) does push-


ups by applying a force to elevate its
center-of-mass by 5 cm. (A) Determine the
number of push-ups which a tired squirrel
must do in order to do a mere 5.0 Joules of
work. (B) Determine the squirrel’s spring
constant.
Spring Constant Calculation
• W = F x d = 10 N*(.05m)=.5 N m
• W = .5 J (each push up)
• 10 pushups = 5 J
• PE = ½ k x 2
• .5 J = ½ k (.05m) 2
• .5 J = ½ k (.003m 2)
• .5 J = .0015 m 2
• 333.3 J/m 2 = k
Power!

• Power is the rate that we use energy.


• Power = Work or Energy / Time
• P = W/t = F x d/t = F v
• The units for power :
• J/s
• Kg m2 / s2 /s
• Nm/s
Power
• Power is simply energy exchanged
per unit time, or how fast you get
work done (Watts = Joules/sec)
• One horsepower = 745 W
• Perform 100 J of work in 1 s, and
call it 100 W
• Run upstairs, raising your 70 kg
(700 N) mass 3 m (2,100 J) in 3
seconds  700 W output!
• Shuttle puts out a few GW
(gigawatts, or 109 W) of power!

Spring 2008 16
More Power Examples
• Hydroelectric plant
• Drops water 20 m, with flow rate of 2,000 m3/s
• 1 m3 of water is 1,000 kg, or 9,800 N of weight (force)
• Every second, drop 19,600,000 N down 20 m, giving
392,000,000 J/s  400 MW of power
• Car on freeway: 30 m/s, A = 3 m2  Fdrag1800 N
• In each second, car goes 30 m  W = 180030 = 54 kJ
• So power = work per second is 54 kW (72 horsepower)
• Bicycling up 10% (~6º) slope at 5 m/s (11 m.p.h.)
• raise your 80 kg self+bike 0.5 m every second
• mgh = 809.80.5  400 J  400 W expended

Spring 2008 17
Power Calculation

• A 5 Kg Cart is pushed by a 30 N force against


friction for a distance of 10m in 5 seconds.
Determine the Power needed to move the cart.
• P=Fxd/t
• P = 30 N (10 m) / 5 s
• P = 60 N m /s
• P = 60 watts
Summary

• Energy is the ability to move


• Potential is stored energy (Statics)
• Dependant on height
• Kinetic is moving energy (Dynamics)
• Dependant on velocity
• Springs store energy dependant on distance and
constant
• Power is how fast the work is done

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