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Lecture 07 - Analog Modulation (Frequency Modulation II)

The document discusses frequency modulation (FM) in which the frequency of the carrier wave is changed according to the modulating signal. It defines key terms like carrier frequency, maximum frequency, minimum frequency, frequency deviation, carrier swing, and modulation index. It also provides examples of FM parameters for radio and TV broadcasts, and solves sample design problems calculating deviation ratio, modulation index, and percent modulation for given FM signals.

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Muaz Shahid
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84 views

Lecture 07 - Analog Modulation (Frequency Modulation II)

The document discusses frequency modulation (FM) in which the frequency of the carrier wave is changed according to the modulating signal. It defines key terms like carrier frequency, maximum frequency, minimum frequency, frequency deviation, carrier swing, and modulation index. It also provides examples of FM parameters for radio and TV broadcasts, and solves sample design problems calculating deviation ratio, modulation index, and percent modulation for given FM signals.

Uploaded by

Muaz Shahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMSATS

Principles of Communication Systems (PCS)


EEE 351

Lecture # 07
Analog Modulation
(Frequency Modulation II)
COMSATS PCS

Frequency Modulation
• The type of modulation in which • Maximum Frequency @ Max. +ve
the ‘frequency of the carrier wave’ Amplitude of Modulating Signal.
is changed according to the • Minimum Frequency @ Max -ve
modulating signal is known as Amplitude of Modulating Signal.
‘Frequency Modulation’.

• The information is carried in the


changing frequency of the
modulated signal.

• Frequency of the modulated


signal increases as the amplitude
of the modulating signal increases
and vice versa.
B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Frequency Modulation
• The modulated signal has three
frequencies, namely
– Highest Frequency (H): Maximum
Frequency of the Modulated Signal

– Lowest Frequency (L): Minimum


frequency of the Modulated Signal

– Center or Resting Frequency (fo):


Normal Frequency of the
Modulated Signal which is equal to
the carrier frequency.

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Frequency Modulation
• The amount of change in the • For FM broadcasts, the maximum
frequency of the modulated signal allowed frequency deviation on
depends upon the amplitude of the each side of center frequency is
modulating signal. standardized at 75kHz for
maximum loudness. For TV
• A modulating signal with greater broadcast it is 25 kHz.
amplitude causes a greater change
in frequency and vice versa.

• Keeping the frequency of the


modulating signal constant, a
louder signal causes a greater
change in the frequency.

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Frequency Modulation
• The rate at which the frequency shift
takes place is dependent upon the
frequency of the modulating signal.

• For a modulating signal of frequency


1 kHz, the frequency of the
modulated signal varies 1000 times
between its maximum and minimum
values.

• If the frequency of the modulating


signal is 2 kHz, then the frequency
shift ll be twice as fast as compared
to 1 kHz.

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Frequency Deviation and Carrier Swing


• The change/shift in frequency
(caused by the modulating signal)
either above or below the resting
frequency is known as ‘Frequency
Deviation’(Δf).

• The total variation in frequency


from highest to lowest frequency
is known as ‘Carrier Swing’ (CS).

• Carrier Swing= 2 x Δf

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Frequency Bands of Commercial FM


Broadcast
• Max. Allowed Deviation= 75kHz
• Total Carrier Swing=2x75= 150kHz
• Guard Band on each Side= 25kHz
• Total Guard Band= 2x25=50kHz
• Total Channel Width= 200kHz.

• For TV sound broadcast, Max.


Allowed Deviation= 25kHz

• Calculate the maximum and


minimum frequencies for a radio
broadcast with the resting
frequency equal to 100MHz.
B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

FM Parameters
• Modulation Index • Percent Modulation (m)
= Δf/fm Ratio of actual frequency
deviation to the maximum
• Deviation Ratio allowed frequency deviation
It is the worst case modulation m= Δfactual/Δfmax
index with maximum allowed
frequency deviation and • What m=0 and m=100
maximum allowed modulating correspond to?
audio frequency
Deviation Ratio = Δfmax/fm

• Calculate Deviation Ratio for


Radio and audio TV broadcasts?
B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Design Problem
• Example 66.12:
What is the modulation index of an FM carrier having a carrier swing of
100 kHz and a modulating signal of 5 kHz?
Solution:
COMSATS PCS

Design Problem
• Example 66.13:
An FM transmitter has a frequency deviation of 18.75 kHz. Calculate the
percent modulation if it is broadcast
(a) in 88-108MHz Band (b) as a portion of a TV broadcast
Solution:
COMSATS PCS

Design Problem
• Example 66.14:
An FM signal has a resting frequency of 105 MHz and a highest frequency
of 105.03 MHz when modulated by a signal of frequency 5 kHz. Determine
(a) Frequency Deviation (b) Carrier Swing (c) Modulation Index (d) Percent
Modulation (e) Lowest Frequency reached by the FM wave.
Solution:
COMSATS PCS

References
[1] B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical
Engineering, Volume IV.
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation

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