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2lecture 2 C++

Here are programs to solve the given assignments: 1) #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int year = 2022; int months = 12; cout << "Number of months in " << year << " is " << months; return 0; } 2) #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a, b, c; int sum, average; a = 10; b = 20; c = 30; sum = a + b + c; average = sum / 3; cout << "Sum is " << sum << endl;

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46 views

2lecture 2 C++

Here are programs to solve the given assignments: 1) #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int year = 2022; int months = 12; cout << "Number of months in " << year << " is " << months; return 0; } 2) #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a, b, c; int sum, average; a = 10; b = 20; c = 30; sum = a + b + c; average = sum / 3; cout << "Sum is " << sum << endl;

Uploaded by

MishaalKhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Variables and constants

Variable
• In computer programming, a variable is a storage location and an
associated symbolic name (an identifier) which contains some known or
unknown quantity or information, a value. The variable name is the usual
way to reference the stored value; this separation of name and content
allows the name to be used independently of the exact information it
represents. The identifier in computer source code can be bound to
a value during run time, and the value of the variable may thus change
during the course of program execution. 
• In computing, a variable may be employed in a repetitive process: assigned
a value in one place, then used elsewhere, then reassigned a new value
and used again in the same way 

Variable name/ Identifier Some value

A 10
• Let us think that I ask you to retain the number 5 in your mental memory,
and then I ask you to memorize also the number 2 at the same time. You
have just stored two different values in your memory. Now, if I ask you to
add 1 to the first number I said, you should be retaining the numbers 6 (that
is 5+1) and 2 in your memory. Values that we could now -for example-
subtract and obtain 4 as result.
The whole process that you have just done with your mental memory is a
similar of what a computer can do with two variables. The same process
can be expressed in C++ with the following instruction set: 
a = 5;
b = 2;
a = a + 1;
result = a - b;
• Compilers have to replace variables' symbolic names with the actual
locations of the data. While a variable's name, type, and location often
remain fixed, the data stored in the location may be changed during
program execution.
Data types in C++
Rules for writing variable names

1. The first character of variable name must be an alphabetic.


2. Underscore can be used as first character of variable name. 
3. Blank spaces are not allowed in a variable name. 
4. Special characters such as arithmetic operators, #,^ can not be used in a
variable.
5. Reserved words cannot be used as variable names. 
6. A variable name declared for one data type cannot be used to declare
another data type. 
7. C++ language is a case sensitive language. Thus variable names with
same spelling but different cases are treated as different variable name
e.g. A and a are two different variables.
Declaration of Variables
• In C++ all the variables that a program is going to use must
be declared prior to use. Declaration of a variable serves two purposes:
1. It associates a type and an identifier (or name) with the variable. The
type allows the compiler to interpret statements correctly. For example in
the CPU the instruction to add two integer values together is different
from the instruction to add two floating-point values together. Hence the
compiler must know the type of the variables so it can generate the
correct add instruction.
2. It allows the compiler to decide how much storage space to allocate for
storage of the value associated with the identifier and to assign an
address for each variable which can be used in code generation.
• General syntax: type identifier-list;
int i, j, count;
float sum, product;
char ch;
bool passed_exam;
Initialization of variables

• Assigning a known value to a variable at the time of its declaration is known


as Initialization.

General syntax: variable_name = value;


For example: int a=110;
int d = 3, f = 5; // initializing d and f.
double pi = 3.14159; // declares an approximation of pi.
char x = 'x'; // the variable x has the value 'x'.
Assignment statement

• An assignment statement is an instruction for assigning a value to a


variable. In C++, the assignment operator (=) is used for assignment. The
form of an assignment statement is as follows:
variable = value;

•  Assignment statement can also be used for carrying out computation and
assigning values to variables.
General form: result = expression;
For example the following assignment statement:
average = (a + b)/2;
assigns half the sum of a and b to the variable average. The expression is
evaluated and then the value is assigned to the variable result. It is
important to note that the value assigned to result must be of the same type
as result.
• main ()
{
int a, b; // a:?, b:?
a = 10; // a:10, b:?
b = 4; // a:10, b:4
a = b; // a:4, b:4
b = 7; // a:4, b:7
cout << "a:";
cout << a;
cout << " b:";
cout << b;

}
Arithmetic operators in C++
Arithmetic operators

• main ()
{
// declaring variables:
int a, b;
int result;
// process:
a = 5;
b = 2;
a = a + 1;
result = a - b;
// print out the result:
cout << result;
} //end main
Constants
• A quantity that cannot change its value during program execution is called
constant.
Assignments:
• Write a program to assign a value to a
variable year. Calculate no of months and
print on screen.
• Write a program to assign any value to
variables a, b and c. Then calculate sum
and average of a, b, c.
• Write a program to calculate the volume of
cylinder as v=pi r2 h where pi=3.14, r=6,
h=8.

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